سکېنډيوم

Scandium, ₂₁Sc
عمومي خواص
Pronunciation	/ˈskændiəm/ ; SKAN-dee-əm
Appearance	silvery white
Scandium په دوراني جدول کې
calcium ← scandium → titanium	‍
اټومي شمیره (Z)	21
گروپ, پیریود	group 3, period 4
بلاک	d-block
Element category	transition metal
معياري اټومي وزن (Ar)	کينډۍ:Val
Electron configuration	[Ar] 3d1 4s2
Electrons per shell	2, 8, 9, 2
فزیکي خواص
حالت (at STP)	جامد
دويلې کيدو ټکى	1814 K (1541 °C, 2806 °F)
يشنا ټکی	3109 K (2836 °C, 5136 °F)
Density near r.t.	2.985 g/cm3
when liquid, at m.p.	2.80 g/cm3
Heat of fusion	14.1 kJ/mol
Heat of vaporization	332.7 kJ/mol
Molar heat capacity	25.52 J/(mol·K)
اټومي خواص
Oxidation states	3, 2, 1 (an amphoteric oxide)
Electronegativity	Pauling scale: 1.36
Ionization energies	1st: 633.1 kJ/mol ; 2nd: 1235.0 kJ/mol ; 3rd: 2388.6 kJ/mol ; (more) ;
Atomic radius	empirical: 162 pm
Covalent radius	170±7 pm
Van der Waals radius	211 pm
Miscellanea
Crystal structure	hexagonal close-packed (hcp)
Thermal expansion	α, poly: 10.2 µm/(m·K) (at r.t.)
د تودوخې تېرېدنه	15.8 W/(m·K)
Electrical resistivity	α, poly: 562 nΩ·m (at r.t., calculated)
Magnetic ordering	paramagnetic
Magnetic susceptibility (χmol)	+315.0·10−6 cm3/mol (292 K)
Young's modulus	74.4 GPa
Shear modulus	29.1 GPa
Bulk modulus	56.6 GPa
Poisson ratio	0.279
Brinell hardness	736–1200 MPa
CAS Number	7440-20-2
History
Naming	after Scandinavia
Prediction	Dmitri Mendeleev (1871)
Discovery and first isolation	Lars Fredrik Nilson (1879)
Main isotopes of scandium
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سکېنډيوم (په انگرېزي: Scandium) له کیمیاوي عناصرو څخه یو دی چې په تناوبي جدول کې د Sc سمبول او ۲۱ اتمي شمېرې په وسیله ښودل شوی دی.

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↑ Meija, J.; Coplen, T. B. (2016). "Atomic weights of the elements 2013 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure Appl. Chem. 88 (3): 265-91. doi:10.1515/pac-2015-0305. https://www.degruyter.com/downloadpdf/j/pac.2016.88.issue-3/pac-2015-0305/pac-2015-0305.xml.
↑ McGuire, Joseph C.; Kempter, Charles P. (1960). [اصطلاحي تېروتنه: د ناپېژندلې ليکنښې لوښه "۱". "Preparation and Properties of Scandium Dihydride"]. Journal of Chemical Physics 33: 1584–1585. doi:10.1063/1.1731452. Bibcode: 1960JChPh..33.1584M.
↑ Smith, R. E. (1973). [اصطلاحي تېروتنه: د ناپېژندلې ليکنښې لوښه "۱". "Diatomic Hydride and Deuteride Spectra of the Second Row Transition Metals"]. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Mathematical and Physical Sciences 332 (1588): 113–127. doi:10.1098/rspa.1973.0015. Bibcode: 1973RSPSA.332..113S.
↑ Weast, Robert (1984). [اصطلاحي تېروتنه: د ناپېژندلې ليکنښې لوښه "۱". CRC, Handbook of Chemistry and Physics]. Boca Raton, Florida: Chemical Rubber Company Publishing. pp. E110. ISBN 0-8493-0464-4.

دا ليکنه نابشپړه ده، تاسې ددې ليکنې په بشپړولو کې د ويکيپېډيا سره مرسته کولای شئ.

[CIAAW2016-1] Meija, J.; Coplen, T. B. (2016). "Atomic weights of the elements 2013 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure Appl. Chem. 88 (3): 265-91. doi:10.1515/pac-2015-0305. https://www.degruyter.com/downloadpdf/j/pac.2016.88.issue-3/pac-2015-0305/pac-2015-0305.xml.

[McGuire-2] McGuire, Joseph C.; Kempter, Charles P. (1960). [اصطلاحي تېروتنه: د ناپېژندلې ليکنښې لوښه "۱". "Preparation and Properties of Scandium Dihydride"]. Journal of Chemical Physics 33: 1584–1585. doi:10.1063/1.1731452. Bibcode: 1960JChPh..33.1584M.

[Smith-3] Smith, R. E. (1973). [اصطلاحي تېروتنه: د ناپېژندلې ليکنښې لوښه "۱". "Diatomic Hydride and Deuteride Spectra of the Second Row Transition Metals"]. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Mathematical and Physical Sciences 332 (1588): 113–127. doi:10.1098/rspa.1973.0015. Bibcode: 1973RSPSA.332..113S.

[4] Weast, Robert (1984). [اصطلاحي تېروتنه: د ناپېژندلې ليکنښې لوښه "۱". CRC, Handbook of Chemistry and Physics]. Boca Raton, Florida: Chemical Rubber Company Publishing. pp. E110. ISBN 0-8493-0464-4.

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