الومېنيوم

(له Aluminium نه مخ گرځېدلی)

الومېنيوم (په انگرېزي: Aluminium) له کیمیاوي عناصرو څخه یو دی چې په تناوبي جدول کې د Al سمبول او ۱۳ اتمي شمېرې په وسیله ښودل شوی دی.

Aluminium,  13Al
Spectral lines of aluminium
عمومي خواص
PronunciationUK /ˌæljʊˈmɪniəm/
AL-YUU-MIN-EE-əm
US /əˈljmɪnəm/
Ə-LEW-MIN-əm
Alternative namealuminum (US, informal)
Appearancesilvery gray metallic
Aluminium په دوراني جدول کې
Hydrogen (diatomic nonmetal)
Helium (noble gas)
Lithium (alkali metal)
Beryllium (alkaline earth metal)
Boron (metalloid)
Carbon (polyatomic nonmetal)
Nitrogen (diatomic nonmetal)
Oxygen (diatomic nonmetal)
Fluorine (diatomic nonmetal)
Neon (noble gas)
Sodium (alkali metal)
Magnesium (alkaline earth metal)
Aluminium (post-transition metal)
Silicon (metalloid)
Phosphorus (polyatomic nonmetal)
Sulfur (polyatomic nonmetal)
Chlorine (diatomic nonmetal)
Argon (noble gas)
Potassium (alkali metal)
Calcium (alkaline earth metal)
Scandium (transition metal)
Titanium (transition metal)
Vanadium (transition metal)
Chromium (transition metal)
Manganese (transition metal)
Iron (transition metal)
Cobalt (transition metal)
Nickel (transition metal)
Copper (transition metal)
Zinc (transition metal)
Gallium (post-transition metal)
Germanium (metalloid)
Arsenic (metalloid)
Selenium (polyatomic nonmetal)
Bromine (diatomic nonmetal)
Krypton (noble gas)
Rubidium (alkali metal)
Strontium (alkaline earth metal)
Yttrium (transition metal)
Zirconium (transition metal)
Niobium (transition metal)
Molybdenum (transition metal)
Technetium (transition metal)
Ruthenium (transition metal)
Rhodium (transition metal)
Palladium (transition metal)
Silver (transition metal)
Cadmium (transition metal)
Indium (post-transition metal)
Tin (post-transition metal)
Antimony (metalloid)
Tellurium (metalloid)
Iodine (diatomic nonmetal)
Xenon (noble gas)
Caesium (alkali metal)
Barium (alkaline earth metal)
Lanthanum (lanthanide)
Cerium (lanthanide)
Praseodymium (lanthanide)
Neodymium (lanthanide)
Promethium (lanthanide)
Samarium (lanthanide)
Europium (lanthanide)
Gadolinium (lanthanide)
Terbium (lanthanide)
Dysprosium (lanthanide)
Holmium (lanthanide)
Erbium (lanthanide)
Thulium (lanthanide)
Ytterbium (lanthanide)
Lutetium (lanthanide)
Hafnium (transition metal)
Tantalum (transition metal)
Tungsten (transition metal)
Rhenium (transition metal)
Osmium (transition metal)
Iridium (transition metal)
Platinum (transition metal)
Gold (transition metal)
Mercury (transition metal)
Thallium (post-transition metal)
Lead (post-transition metal)
Bismuth (post-transition metal)
Polonium (post-transition metal)
Astatine (metalloid)
Radon (noble gas)
Francium (alkali metal)
Radium (alkaline earth metal)
Actinium (actinide)
Thorium (actinide)
Protactinium (actinide)
Uranium (actinide)
Neptunium (actinide)
Plutonium (actinide)
Americium (actinide)
Curium (actinide)
Berkelium (actinide)
Californium (actinide)
Einsteinium (actinide)
Fermium (actinide)
Mendelevium (actinide)
Nobelium (actinide)
Lawrencium (actinide)
Rutherfordium (transition metal)
Dubnium (transition metal)
Seaborgium (transition metal)
Bohrium (transition metal)
Hassium (transition metal)
Meitnerium (unknown chemical properties)
Darmstadtium (unknown chemical properties)
Roentgenium (unknown chemical properties)
Copernicium (transition metal)
Nihonium (unknown chemical properties)
Flerovium (unknown chemical properties)
Moscovium (unknown chemical properties)
Livermorium (unknown chemical properties)
Tennessine (unknown chemical properties)
Oganesson (unknown chemical properties)
B

Al

Ga
magnesiumaluminiumsilicon
اټومي شمیره (Z)13
گروپ, پیریودgroup 13 (boron group), period 3
بلاکp-block
Element category  post-transition metal, sometimes considered a metalloid
معياري اټومي وزن (Ar)کينډۍ:Val[۱]
Electron configuration[Ne] 3s2 3p1
Electrons per shell
2, 8, 3
فزیکي خواص
حالت (at STP)جامد
دويلې کيدو ټکى933.47 K ​(660.32 °C, ​1220.58 °F)
يشنا ټکی2743 K ​(2470 °C, ​4478 °F)
Density near r.t.2.70 g/cm3
when liquid, at m.p.2.375 g/cm3
Heat of fusion10.71 kJ/mol
Heat of vaporization284 kJ/mol
Molar heat capacity24.20 J/(mol·K)
Vapor pressure
P (Pa) 1 10 100 1 k 10 k 100 k
at T (K) 1482 1632 1817 2054 2364 2790
اټومي خواص
Oxidation states+3, +2,[۲] +1[۳], −1, −2 ​(an amphoteric oxide)
ElectronegativityPauling scale: 1.61
Ionization energies
  • 1st: 577.5 kJ/mol
  • 2nd: 1816.7 kJ/mol
  • 3rd: 2744.8 kJ/mol
  • (more)
Atomic radiusempirical: 143 pm
Covalent radius121±4 pm
Van der Waals radius184 pm
Miscellanea
Crystal structureface-centered cubic (fcc)
Face-centered cubic crystal structure for aluminium
Face-centered cubic crystal structure for aluminium
Speed of sound thin rod(rolled) 5000 m/s (at r.t.)
Thermal expansion23.1 µm/(m·K) (at 25 °C)
د تودوخې تېرېدنه237 W/(m·K)
Electrical resistivity28.2 nΩ·m (at 20 °C)
Magnetic orderingparamagnetic[۴]
Magnetic susceptibility (χmol)+16.5·10−6 cm3/mol
Young's modulus70 GPa
Shear modulus26 GPa
Bulk modulus76 GPa
Poisson ratio0.35
Mohs hardness2.75
Vickers hardness160–350 MPa
Brinell hardness160–550 MPa
CAS Number7429-90-5
History
PredictionAntoine Lavoisier[۵] (1787)
Discovery and first isolationHans Christian Ørsted[۶] (1825)
Named byHumphry Davy[۵] (1807)
Main isotopes of aluminium
آيسو­ټوپ Abun­dance نیم ژوند (t1/2) Decay mode Pro­duct

کينډۍ:Infobox element/isotopes decay3

27Al 100% stable
| references | in Wikidata

مشخصات سمول

تاریخچه سمول

مرکبات سمول

د استعمال ځایونه سمول

سرچينې سمول

  1. Meija, J.; Coplen, T. B. (2016). "Atomic weights of the elements 2013 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure Appl. Chem. 88 (3): 265-91. doi:10.1515/pac-2015-0305. https://www.degruyter.com/downloadpdf/j/pac.2016.88.issue-3/pac-2015-0305/pac-2015-0305.xml. 
  2. Aluminium monoxide
  3. Aluminium iodide
  4. Lide, D. R. (2000). "Magnetic susceptibility of the elements and inorganic compounds" (PDF). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (الطبعة 81st). CRC Press. د کتاب نړيواله کره شمېره 0849304814. الوسيط |CitationClass= تم تجاهله (مساعدة)
  5. ۵٫۰ ۵٫۱ "Aluminum". Los Alamos National Laboratory. د لاسرسي‌نېټه ۰۳ مارچ ۲۰۱۳. الوسيط |CitationClass= تم تجاهله (مساعدة)
  6. "13 Aluminium". Elements.vanderkrogt.net. د لاسرسي‌نېټه ۱۲ سپټمبر ۲۰۰۸. الوسيط |CitationClass= تم تجاهله (مساعدة)

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