دسوریې اړوند دعرب سوسیالیست بعث ګوند
دسوریې اړوند دعرب سوسیالیست بعث ګوند – په عربی ژبه( (عربي: حزب البعث العربي الاشتراكي – قطر سوريا) )، په رسمي توګه د سوريې سيمه ييزه څانګه، يو نوی بعثي سازمان دی چي د ۱۹۴۷ کال د اپریل په ۷ نېټه د میشل افلق ، صلاح الدین البطار، ذکی العروسي اوملګرو له لوري رامنځ ته سو. دغه ګوند په سوریه کي د ۱۹۶۳ کال له کودتا راهیسي چي بعثیان یې واک ته ورسول، پرله پسې حکومت کوي. دسوریې یاده څانګه لومړی داصلي بعث ګوند سیمه ایزه څانګه بلل کيده څوچي په 1966 کال کي په سوریې پوري په رسمي ډول ونښلول سوه. په 1963 کال کي واک ته د رسېدو راهیسي، د بعث نوي افسرانو د عنعنوي ملکي اشرافو په نښه کولو سره د نظامي دیکتاتورۍ رامینځته کولو ته دوام ورکړ چې په مطلق العنان [lower-alpha ۱] ډول فعالیت کوي؛ په داسي حال کي چي ټولي دولتي ادارې، ګوندي ارګانونه، عامه ادارې، مدني بنسټونه، رسنۍ او روغتیايي بنسټونه د اردو د تاسیساتو او مخابراتو (استخباراتي خدماتو) له لوري په کلکه ترڅار لاندي اودهغوی دخوښي سره سم فعالیتونه پرمخ وړي.
- ↑ "Syria Comment". د اصلي آرشيف څخه پر ۰۴ فبروري ۲۰۱۵ باندې. د لاسرسينېټه ۰۴ فبروري ۲۰۱۵. الوسيط
|CitationClass=تم تجاهله (مساعدة) - ↑ Perthes, Volker (1997). The Political Economy of Syria Under Asad. I.B. Tauris. p. 156. کينډۍ:ISBN.
- ↑ David Commins; David W. Lesch (2013). Historical Dictionary of Syria. Scarecrow Press. د کتاب پاڼې 252. د کتاب نړيواله کره شمېره 978-0-8108-7966-9. الوسيط
|CitationClass=تم تجاهله (مساعدة) - ↑ "Syria". Arab Press Network. د اصلي آرشيف څخه پر ۲۵ اگسټ ۲۰۱۲ باندې. د لاسرسينېټه ۲۱ جولای ۲۰۱۲. الوسيط
|CitationClass=تم تجاهله (مساعدة) - ↑ Tucker, Spencer; Roberts, Priscillia Mary (2008). The Encyclopedia of the Arab-Israeli Conflict: A Political, Social, and Military History. ABC-CLIO. د کتاب پاڼي 183–184. د کتاب نړيواله کره شمېره 978-1-85109-841-5. الوسيط
|CitationClass=تم تجاهله (مساعدة) - ↑ "Syria's Conflicting Powers Develop Separate Education Curriculums". Atlantic Council. 23 December 2015. د لاسرسينېټه ۳۱ ډيسمبر ۲۰۱۷. الوسيط
|CitationClass=تم تجاهله (مساعدة) - ↑ أحدث أخبار وفعاليات منظمة اتحاد شبيبة الثورة (The latest news and events of the Revolutionary Youth Union).
- ↑ Edward Dark (په 14 March 2014 باندې). Pro-regime Sunni fighters in Aleppo defy sectarian narrative. Al Monitor
- ↑ "Source: The "Tiger" Cancels the Contracts of 6500 of Its Troops throughout Syria". Enab Baladi. 20 September 2018. د لاسرسينېټه ۳۱ اگسټ ۲۰۱۹. الوسيط
|CitationClass=تم تجاهله (مساعدة) - ↑ (په 9 July 2012 باندې). Profile: Syria's ruling Baath Party. BBC.
- ↑ Korany, Baghat; Dessouki, Ali (2010). The Foreign Policies of Arab States: The Challenge of Globalization. American University in Cairo Press. pp. 423–424. کينډۍ:ISBN.
- ↑ Viorst, Milton (1995). Sandcastles: The Arabs in Search of the Modern World. Syracuse University Press. p. 146. کينډۍ:ISBN.
- ↑ Meininghaus, Esther (2016). "Introduction". Creating Consent in Ba'thist Syria: Women and Welfare in a Totalitarian State. I. B. Tauris. د کتاب پاڼي 1–33. د کتاب نړيواله کره شمېره 978-1-78453-115-7. الوسيط
|CitationClass=تم تجاهله (مساعدة) - ↑ M. Choueiri, Youssef; M. Moghadem, Valentine (2008). "22: Modernizing Women in the Middle East". A Companion to the History of the Middle East. West Sussex, UK: Wiley Blackwell. د کتاب پاڼې 427. د کتاب نړيواله کره شمېره 978-1-4051-8379-6. الوسيط
|CitationClass=تم تجاهله (مساعدة) - ↑ K. Wilber, P. Jameson, Charles, Kenneth; Gottheil, Fred (1982). "Iraqi and Syrian Socialism: An Economic Appraisal". Socialist Models of Development. Oxford, England: Pergamon Press. د کتاب پاڼي 825–836. د کتاب نړيواله کره شمېره 0-08-027921-X. الوسيط
|CitationClass=تم تجاهله (مساعدة) - ↑ Heydemann, Steven (1999). "4: Building the Institutions of Populist Authoritarian Rule". Authoritarianism in Syria: Institutions and Social Conflict. New York: Cornell University Press. د کتاب پاڼي 84–104. د کتاب نړيواله کره شمېره 0-8014-2932-3. الوسيط
|CitationClass=تم تجاهله (مساعدة) - ↑ Kahne, Z. Giele, Hilda, Janet; M. Moghadem, Valentine (2019). "5: Women, Employment, and Social Change in the Middle East and North Africa". Women's Work and Women's Lives: The Continuing Struggle Worldwide. New York: Routledge. د کتاب پاڼي 89–90. د کتاب نړيواله کره شمېره 978-0-8133-0636-0. الوسيط
|CitationClass=تم تجاهله (مساعدة) - ↑ Moaddel, Mansoor (2005). "Introduction: Sociological Theories of Ideology and Cultural Change". Islamic Modernism, Nationalism, and Fundamentalism: Episode and Discourse. Chicago, USA: University of Chicago Press. د کتاب پاڼي 6–7. د کتاب نړيواله کره شمېره 0-226-53332-8. الوسيط
|CitationClass=تم تجاهله (مساعدة) - ↑ T. Hunter, Malik, Shireen, Huma (2005). Modernization, Democracy, and Islam. Praegar Publishers. د کتاب پاڼي 106–107. د کتاب نړيواله کره شمېره 0-275-98511-3. الوسيط
|CitationClass=تم تجاهله (مساعدة) - ↑ Lane, Redissi, Jan-Erik, Hamadi (2009). "13: Islam and Politics: Where the Principal Difficulty of Post-modernity Lies". Religion and Politics: Islam and Muslim Civilization (الطبعة 2nd). Surrey, England: Ashgate. د کتاب پاڼې 188. د کتاب نړيواله کره شمېره 978-0-7546-7418-4. الوسيط
|CitationClass=تم تجاهله (مساعدة) - ↑ Heydemann, Stevem; Perthes, Volker (2000). "5: State Building, National Security and War Preparation in Syria". War, Institutions, and Social Change in the Middle East. Berkeley and Los Angeles, California, USA: University of California Press. د کتاب پاڼي 151–156. د کتاب نړيواله کره شمېره 0-520-22421-3. الوسيط
|CitationClass=تم تجاهله (مساعدة) - ↑ Suerbaum, Magdalena (2021). "1: Being a man vis-a-vis Militarization, War and the Uprising". Masculinities and Displacement in the Middle East: Syrian Refugees in Egypt. New York: I.B Tauris. د کتاب پاڼي 23–52. د کتاب نړيواله کره شمېره 978-1-8386-0404-2. الوسيط
|CitationClass=تم تجاهله (مساعدة) - ↑ Umit Ungor, Ugur (2020). "1: Introduction". Paramilitarism: Mass Violence in the Shadow of the State (الطبعة 1st). Oxford, United Kingdom: Oxford University Press. د کتاب پاڼي 1–21. د کتاب نړيواله کره شمېره 978-0-19-882524-1. الوسيط
|CitationClass=تم تجاهله (مساعدة) - ↑ Fleischman, Luis (2021). "3: Arab World and the Peace Process". The Middle East Riddle: A Study of the Middle East Peace Process and Israeli-Arab Relations in Current Times. New Academia Publishing. LCCN 2020922086. د کتاب نړيواله کره شمېره 978-1-7333980-8-4. الوسيط
|CitationClass=تم تجاهله (مساعدة) - ↑ Solomon, Christopher (2022). In Search of Greater Syria: The History and Politics of the Syrian Social Nationalist Party. New York, NY 10018, USA: I.B. Tauris. د کتاب پاڼي 43, 56, 70. د کتاب نړيواله کره شمېره 978-1-8386-0640-4. الوسيط
|CitationClass=تم تجاهله (مساعدة)CS1 maint: location (link) - ↑ Awad, Ziad (27 January 2023). The 2022 Syrian Local Elections: A Leadership Rooted in Regime Networks. Via dei Roccettini 9, I-50014 San Domenico di Fiesole (FI) Italy: European University Institute. د کتاب پاڼې 11. doi:10.2870/52247. د کتاب نړيواله کره شمېره 978-92-9466-358-0. الوسيط
|CitationClass=تم تجاهله (مساعدة)CS1 maint: location (link) - ↑ Guirguis, Laure; Rey, Matthieu (2020). "Free Elections versus Authoritarian Practices: What Baathists Fought For". Arab Lefts: Histories and Legacies, 1950s-1970s. Edinburgh EH8 8PJ, UK: Edinburgh University Press. د کتاب پاڼي 57–75. د کتاب نړيواله کره شمېره 978-1-4744-5423-0. الوسيط
|CitationClass=تم تجاهله (مساعدة)CS1 maint: location (link) - ↑ Phillips, Christopher (2020). The Battle for Syria: International Rivalry in the New Middle East. London, UK: Yale University Press. د کتاب پاڼې 11. د کتاب نړيواله کره شمېره 978-0-300-21717-9. الوسيط
|CitationClass=تم تجاهله (مساعدة) - ↑ Atassi, Karim (2018). Syria, the Strength of an Idea: The Constitutional Architectures of Its Political Regimes. New York, NY 10006, USA: Cambridge University Press. د کتاب پاڼي 259–262, 382. doi:10.1017/9781316872017. د کتاب نړيواله کره شمېره 978-1-107-18360-5. الوسيط
|CitationClass=تم تجاهله (مساعدة)CS1 maint: location (link) - ↑ Atassi, Karim (2018). Syria, the Strength of an Idea: The Constitutional Architectures of Its Political Regimes. New York, NY 10006, USA: Cambridge University Press. د کتاب پاڼي 262, 344. doi:10.1017/9781316872017. د کتاب نړيواله کره شمېره 978-1-107-18360-5. الوسيط
|CitationClass=تم تجاهله (مساعدة)CS1 maint: location (link) - ↑ C. Tucker, Spencer (2015). "Baath party". U.S. Conflicts in the 21st Century. 1. California, USA: ABC-CLIO. د کتاب پاڼي 135, 136. د کتاب نړيواله کره شمېره 978-1-4408-3878-1. الوسيط
|CitationClass=تم تجاهله (مساعدة) - ↑ The Israel Economist. 26-27. University of Minnesota: Kollek & Son, Limited. 1970. د کتاب پاڼې 61.
The ideology propounded by the Ba'ath changed completely. The accent on Arab nationalism was discarded as was moderate socialism. Their place was taken by Syrian nationalism and extreme left-wing ideas verging on communism.
الوسيط|CitationClass=تم تجاهله (مساعدة) - ↑ "Syrian nationalism is all about masculinity". The Conversation. 13 December 2017. د لاسرسينېټه ۱۹ جولای ۲۰۲۳.
And just as these ideas are at the forefront of the Syrian conflict, they will be very familiar to any ordinary Syrian. Assad’s invigorated nationalism is a highly amplified and intensified version of the same nationalist ideology that we have all experienced over the last four decades.
الوسيط|CitationClass=تم تجاهله (مساعدة) - ↑ Nisan, Mordechai (2017). "5: Syria: The Occupation of Lebanon". Politics and War in Lebanon: Unraveling the Enigma. 711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017, USA: Routledge. د کتاب پاڼي 93–116. د کتاب نړيواله کره شمېره 978-1-4128-5667-6. الوسيط
|CitationClass=تم تجاهله (مساعدة)CS1 maint: location (link) - ↑ Galvani, John (February 1974). "Syria and the Baath Party". MERIP Reports (25): 3–16. doi:10.2307/3011567. JSTOR 3011567 – عبر JSTOR. الوسيط
|CitationClass=تم تجاهله (مساعدة) - ↑ Roberts, David (2015). The Ba'ath and the creation of modern Syria (الطبعة Routledge Library Editions: Syria). Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge. د کتاب پاڼي 83, 140, 153. د کتاب نړيواله کره شمېره 978-0-415-83882-5.
history of Syria shows that they were not enough to reconcile Islamic ideas of political obligation and the notion of a secular state...Neo-Ba'thists had brought in sectarianism and Marxist theory and had wrung from 'Aflaq the concessions to their views in the Muntalaqat.
الوسيط|CitationClass=تم تجاهله (مساعدة) - ↑ Al-Maaloli, Dr. Raymon (28 April 2016). The Ideology of Authority: 50 Years of Education in Syria [إيديولوجية السلطة: خمسون عاماً على التعليم في سوريا]. Fikra Forum: An initiative of The Washington Institute for Near East Policy. Policy Analysis Articles & Op-Eds. "Syria’s 1973 constitution makes this connection explicit... Article 21 of the constitution defines the purpose of the educational system as, “Creating a socialist nationalist Arab generation which is scientifically minded and attached to its history and land, proud of its heritage, and filled with the spirit of struggle to achieve its nation's objectives of unity, freedom, and socialism, and to serve humanity and its progress.”"
- ↑ CIA. "SYRIA'S RULERS AND THEIR POLITICAL ENVIRONMENT" (PDF). د لاسرسينېټه ۲۲ جنوري ۲۰۲۴. الوسيط
|CitationClass=تم تجاهله (مساعدة) - ↑ "Baʿath Party". Britannica. (2020). “The Baʿath Party espoused nonalignment and opposition to imperialism and colonialism...”
- ↑ "How Is Syria Ruled?". The Washington Institute. الوسيط
|CitationClass=تم تجاهله (مساعدة) - ↑ "Syria - The Baath Party Apparatus". countrystudies.us. الوسيط
|CitationClass=تم تجاهله (مساعدة) - ↑ Al-Shami, Leila; Meckfessel, Shon (1 August 2023). "Why the US Far Right Loves Bashar al-Assad". الوسيط
|CitationClass=تم تجاهله (مساعدة) - ↑ Wieland, Carsten (June 2007). "SYRIA'S CHALLENGES AFTER THE ELECTION YEAR IS BASHAR AL-ASAD PART OF THE PROBLEM OR PART OF THE SOLUTION IN THE MIDDLE EAST?". Papel Politico. 12 (1): 209–236. الوسيط
|CitationClass=تم تجاهله (مساعدة) - ↑ Walt, Stephen (1987). "3:From the Baghdad Pact to the Six Day War". The Origins of Alliances. Cornell University Press. د کتاب پاڼي 87–88. د کتاب نړيواله کره شمېره 978-0-8014-9418-5.
yet another coup d'etat in Syria in February 1966 ousted the old guard of the Ba'th Party... and gave a radical faction (subsequently dubbed the neo-Ba'th) undisputed power. Abandoning the traditional goal of Arab unity, the new leaders proclaimed a radical socialist platform at home and a commitment to violent revolutionary activity abroad..
الوسيط|CitationClass=تم تجاهله (مساعدة) - ↑
- El-attrache, Mohammed (1973). The Political Philosophy of Michel Aflaq and the Ba'th Party in Syria. Norman, Oklahoma, USA: University of Oklahoma. د کتاب پاڼي 160–177. hdl:11244/3545. الوسيط
|CitationClass=تم تجاهله (مساعدة) - Roberts, David (2015). "7: Ba'athist Doctrine". The Ba'ath and the creation of modern Syria (الطبعة Routledge Library Editions: Syria). Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge. د کتاب پاڼي 62–76. د کتاب نړيواله کره شمېره 978-0-415-83882-5. الوسيط
|CitationClass=تم تجاهله (مساعدة) - Bar-Siman-Tov, Yaacov (1983). "7: The Neo-Ba'ath Regime". Linkage Politics in the Middle East Syria Between Domestic and External Conflict, 1961-1970. Boulder, CO: Westview Press. د کتاب پاڼې 151. د کتاب نړيواله کره شمېره 0-86531-945-6. الوسيط
|CitationClass=تم تجاهله (مساعدة) - K. Wilber, P. Jameson, Charles, Kenneth; Gottheil, Fred (1982). "Iraqi and Syrian Socialism: An Economic Appraisal". Socialist Models of Development. Oxford, England: Pergamon Press. د کتاب پاڼي 825–836. د کتاب نړيواله کره شمېره 0-08-027921-X. الوسيط
|CitationClass=تم تجاهله (مساعدة) - Heydemann, Steven (1999). "4: Building the Institutions of Populist Authoritarian Rule". Authoritarianism in Syria: Institutions and Social Conflict. New York: Cornell University Press. د کتاب پاڼې 85. د کتاب نړيواله کره شمېره 0-8014-2932-3. الوسيط
|CitationClass=تم تجاهله (مساعدة)
- El-attrache, Mohammed (1973). The Political Philosophy of Michel Aflaq and the Ba'th Party in Syria. Norman, Oklahoma, USA: University of Oklahoma. د کتاب پاڼي 160–177. hdl:11244/3545. الوسيط
- ↑ Batatu, Hanna (1999). Syria's Peasantry, the Descendants of Its Lesser Rural Notables, and Their Politics. Chichester, West Sussex, UK: Princeton University Press. د کتاب پاڼي 283–284. د کتاب نړيواله کره شمېره 0-691-00254-1. الوسيط
|CitationClass=تم تجاهله (مساعدة) - ↑ Multiple sources:
- Cavoški, Jovan (2022). Non-Aligned Movement Summits: A History. UK: Bloomsburry. د کتاب پاڼې 101. د کتاب نړيواله کره شمېره 978-1-3500-3209-5.
Syria, headed by the radical leftist Baath Party overtly challenged Nasser's leadership credentials by highlighting his diminished revolutionary spirit.
الوسيط|CitationClass=تم تجاهله (مساعدة) - I. Dawisha, Adeed (1980). "3: External and Internal Setting". Syria and the Lebanese Crisis. London, UK: Macmillan Press Ltd. د کتاب پاڼې 45. د کتاب نړيواله کره شمېره 978-1-349-05373-5.
The change has been particularly marked under Asad. He has created a fairly popular Presidential regime: radical left, the most advanced socialist regime in the Arab world, it is progressively widening the frame to include more peasants and labourers.
الوسيط|CitationClass=تم تجاهله (مساعدة) - The Israel Economist. 26-27. University of Minnesota: Kollek & Son, Limited. 1970. د کتاب پاڼې 61.
The ideology propounded by the Ba'ath changed completely. The accent on Arab nationalism was discarded as was moderate socialism. Their place was taken by Syrian nationalism and extreme left-wing ideas verging on communism.
الوسيط|CitationClass=تم تجاهله (مساعدة) - Abadi, Jacob (2004). Israel's Quest for Recognition and Acceptance in Asia: Garrison State Diplomacy. London, UK: Frank Class Publishers. د کتاب پاڼې 22. د کتاب نړيواله کره شمېره 0-7146-5576-7.
radical left-wing Ba'ath party in Syria.
الوسيط|CitationClass=تم تجاهله (مساعدة) - S. Abu Jaber, Kamel (1966). The Arab Ba'th Socialist Party: History, Ideology and Organization. Syracuse, New York, USA: Syracuse University Press. د کتاب پاڼي xii–xiii, 33–47, 75–97. LCCN 66-25181.
The leadership now in control of Syria does not represent the gamut of the Ba'th party. It is composed mainly of extreme leftists vesting almost exclusive authority in the military wing of the party.
الوسيط|CitationClass=تم تجاهله (مساعدة) - Hopwood, Derek (2013). Syria 1945-1986: Politics and Society. Routledge. د کتاب پاڼي 45–46, 73–75, 90. doi:10.4324/9781315818955. د کتاب نړيواله کره شمېره 9781317818427.
The period 1963 to 1970 when Asad finally succeeded was marked ideologically by uncertainty and even turbulence. It was a period of transition from the old nationalist politicians to the radical socialist Baathis.. struggle between ‘moderates’ and radicals was centred on the dispute whether to impose a radical left wing government and a social revolution on Syria or to follow a more moderate Arab unionist course which would possibly appease opponents of the Baath. The radicals largely held the upper hand and worked to strengthen the control of the party over the state.
الوسيط|CitationClass=تم تجاهله (مساعدة) - Phillips, Christopher (2020). The Battle for Syria: International Rivalry in the New Middle East. London, UK: Yale University Press. د کتاب پاڼې 11. د کتاب نړيواله کره شمېره 978-0-300-21717-9.
In 1963.. the socialist Ba’ath Party, seized power. The radical left wing of the party then launched an internal coup in 1966, initiating accelerated land reform
الوسيط|CitationClass=تم تجاهله (مساعدة) - Mikhaĭlovich Vasilʹev, Alekseĭ (1993). Russian Policy in the Middle East: From Messianism to Pragmatism. University of Michigan, USA: Ithaca Press. د کتاب پاڼي 63, 76. د کتاب نړيواله کره شمېره 978-0863721687.
Syrian Baathist version of Arab nationalism and socialism offered plenty of points of contact with Soviet policy.. when the left-wing Baathist faction led by Nureddin Atasi came to power, accelerated Syria’s rapprochement with the Soviet Union.. for the USSR Syria remained an uneasy ally whose actions were beyond control, often unpredictable and the cause of complications. The ultra-leftist slogans originating from Damascus (such as a "people’s war") were not received enthusiastically in Moscow. Mustafa Tlas, the new Syrian chief of staff, was a theoretician of guerrilla warfare and had even translated works by Che Guevara who was not particularly popular among the Soviet leaders."
الوسيط|CitationClass=تم تجاهله (مساعدة) - Climent, James (2015). World Terrorism: An Encyclopedia of Political Violence from Ancient Times to the Post-9/11 Era (الطبعة 2nd). New York: Routledge. د کتاب پاڼې 383. د کتاب نړيواله کره شمېره 978-0-7656-8284-0.
influence of different views, came from the more radical left-wing nationalist groups. These groups included.. Syria's Ba'ath party which seized power in Damascus in 1963
الوسيط|CitationClass=تم تجاهله (مساعدة)
- Cavoški, Jovan (2022). Non-Aligned Movement Summits: A History. UK: Bloomsburry. د کتاب پاڼې 101. د کتاب نړيواله کره شمېره 978-1-3500-3209-5.
- ↑ Elizabeth O'Bagy (7 June 2012). "Syria's Political Struggle: Spring 2012" (Backgrounder). ISW. د لاسرسينېټه ۲۶ اکتوبر ۲۰۱۴. الوسيط
|CitationClass=تم تجاهله (مساعدة)
د ۱۹۶۶ کال کودتا د صلاح جدید او جنرال حفیظ الاسد د کیڼ اړخی افراطی ډلي په ګډه دبعث پخوانی ساتونکي ځواک چی میشل افلاق او صلاح الدین بیطار هم پکښي شامل وو له واکه لیری کړل. د سوریې دبعث کیڼ اړخي ډله یوسخت سوسیالیستي اقتصادي پروګرام پرمخ وړي، چي د سوریې له کمونستانو ، عربي دولتونو او شوروي بلاک سره نږدې اړیکي تعقیبوي.