د "فلسفه" د بڼو تر مېنځ توپير

 

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{{Main|History of Western philosophy}}

Ancient Greek philosophy is typically divided into the [[Pre-Socratic philosophy|pre-Socratic Period]], the Socratic period, and the post-Aristotelian period. The pre-Socratic period was characterized by metaphysical speculation, often preserved in the form of grand, sweeping statements, such as "All is fire", or "All changes". Important pre-Socratic philosophers include [[Thales]], [[Anaximander]], [[Anaximenes of Miletus|Anaximenes]], [[Democritus]], [[Parmenides]], and [[Heraclitus]]. The Socratic period is named in honor of the most recognizable figure in Western philosophy, [[Socrates]], who, along with his pupil [[Plato]], revolutionized philosophy through the use of the [[Socratic method]], which developed the very general philosophical methods of [[definition]], [[Analysis (philosophy)|analysis]], and [[synthesis]]. While Socrates wrote nothing himself, his influence as a "skeptic" survives through Plato's works. Plato's writings are often considered basic texts in philosophy as they defined the fundamental issues of philosophy for future generations. These issues and others were taken up by [[Aristotle]], who studied at Plato's school, the [[Academy]], and who often disagreed with the writings of Plato. The post-Aristotelian period ushered in such philosophers as [[Euclid]], [[Epicurus]], [[Chrysippus]], [[Pyrrho]], and [[Sextus Empiricus]]. A woman philosopher of the Ancient period is [[Hipparchia the Cynic]], who flourished around 300 B.C.

 

[[دوتنه:St-thomas-aquinas.jpg|thumb|100px|St. Thomas Aquinas]]

The [[Medieval philosophy|medieval period of philosophy]] came with the collapse of Roman civilization and the dawn of [[Christian philosophy|Christianity]], [[Islamic philosophy|Islam]], and [[Jewish philosophy|rabbinic Judaism]]. The medieval period brought Christian [[scholastic philosophy]], with writers such as [[Augustine of Hippo]], [[Anicius Manlius Severinus Boethius|Boethius]], [[Anselm of Canterbury|Anselm]], [[Robert Grosseteste]], [[Albertus Magnus]], [[Roger Bacon]], [[Bonaventure]], [[Thomas Aquinas]], [[John Duns Scotus]], [[William of Ockham]], [[Nicholas of Cusa]], and [[Francisco Suárez]]. A female Christian philosopher of the period was a student of [[Abelard]] named [[Heloise (student of Abelard)|Heloise]]. The philosophers in the scholastic Christian tradition and philosophers in the other major [[Abrahamic religion]]s, such as the Jewish philosophers [[Saadia Gaon]] and [[Maimonides]], and the Muslim philosophers [[Avicenna]], [[Al-Ghazali]], and [[Averroes]], were intercommunicative. These religious traditions took on questions about the relation of man to God. The philosophy of this period is characterized by analysis of the nature and properties of God; the metaphysics involving substance, essences and accidents (that is, qualities that are respectively ''essential'' to substances possessing them or merely ''happening'' to be possessed by them), form, and divisibility; and logic and the philosophy of language.

[[دوتنه:Sankara.jpg|thumb|200px|Adi Shankara (centre), [[788]] to [[820]], founder of ''[[Advaita Vedanta]]'', one of the major schools of Hindu philosophy.]]

==== هندي فلسفه ====

 

== '''لرغونې هندي فلسفه''' ==