|
'''برازیل''' چې په رسمي توګه '''د برازیل فدراتیف ولسمشریزه''' ده د [[سویلي امریکا]] یو له سترو او ګڼ وګړیزو هیوادونو څخه دی چې پلازمېنه یې [[برازیلیا]] او رسمي ژبه یې [[برازیلي ژبه]] ده.
{{هېواد-مالوماتبکس
|ولسي نوم = <span style="line-height:1.33em;">{{lang|pt|''República Federativa do Brasil''}} {{pt icon}}</span>
|اوږد دوديز نوم = <span style="line-height:1.33em;">Federative Republic of Brazil</span>
|ټولګړی نوم = برازيل
|image_flag = Flag of Brazil.svg
|image_coat = Coat of arms of Brazil.svg
|symbol_type = Coat of arms
|national_motto = ''"Ordem e Progresso"''<br /><small>{{pt icon}}<br />"Order and Progress"</small>
|national_anthem = [[Brazilian National Anthem|Hino Nacional Brasileiro]]<br /><small>{{pt icon}}<br />"Brazilian National Anthem"</small>
|other_symbol_type = [[Seal (emblem)|National seal]]
|other_symbol = [[National Seal of Brazil|Selo Nacional do Brasil]] [[دوتنه:National Seal of Brazil (color).svg|15px]]<br /><small>{{pt icon}}<br />"National Seal of Brazil"</small>
|image_map = Brazil (orthographic projection).svg
|map_width = 220px
|capital = [[Brasília]]
|latd=15 |latm=45 |latNS=S
|longd=47 |longm=57 |longEW=W
|largest_city = [[São Paulo]]
|official_languages = [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]]
|ethnic_groups = 48.43% [[White Brazilian|White]], 43.80% [[Pardo|Brown]] ([[Multiracial#Brazil|Multiracial]]), 6.84% [[Afro-Brazilian]], 0.58% [[Asian Brazilian|Yellow]], 0.28% [[Indigenous peoples in Brazil|Amerindian]]
|ethnic_groups_year = 2008 <small><br /><ref name="PNADIBGE">2008 PNAD, IBGE. "[http://www.sidra.ibge.gov.br/bda/tabela/protabl.asp?c=262&i=P&nome=on¬arodape=on&tab=262&unit=0&pov=3&opc1=1&poc2=1&OpcTipoNivt=1&opn1=2&nivt=0&orc86=3&poc1=1&orp=6&qtu3=27&opv=1&poc86=2&sec1=0&opc2=1&pop=1&opn2=0&orv=2&orc2=5&qtu2=5&sev=93&sev=1000093&opc86=1&sec2=0&opp=1&opn3=0&sec86=0&sec86=2776&sec86=2777&sec86=2779&sec86=2778&sec86=2780&sec86=2781&ascendente=on&sep=43344&orn=1&qtu7=9&orc1=4&qtu1=1&cabec=on&pon=1&OpcCara=44&proc=1&opn7=0&decm=99 População residente por cor ou raça, situação e sexo]".</ref> </small>
|demonym = Brazilian
|government_type = [[Presidential system|Presidential]] [[Federal republic]]
|leader_title1 = [[President of Brazil|President]]
|leader_name1 = [[Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva]] ([[Workers' Party (Brazil)|PT]])
|leader_title2 = [[Vice-President of Brazil|Vice-President]]
|leader_name2 = [[José Alencar]] ([[Brazilian Republican Party|PRB]])
|leader_title3 = [[List of Presidents of the Chamber of Deputies of Brazil|President of the Chamber of Deputies]]
|leader_name3 = [[Michel Temer]] ([[Brazilian Democratic Movement Party|PMDB]])
|leader_title4 = [[President of the Senate of Brazil|President of the Senate]]
|leader_name4 = [[José Sarney]] (PMDB)
|leader_title5 = [[Supreme Federal Court (Brazil)#Chief Justice|Chief Justice]]
|leader_name5 = [[Cezar Peluso]]
|legislature = [[National Congress of Brazil|National Congress]]
|upper_house = [[Senate of Brazil|Federal Senate]]
|lower_house = [[Chamber of Deputies of Brazil|Chamber of Deputies]]
|sovereignty_type = [[Brazilian Declaration of Independence|Independence]]
|sovereignty_note = from [[Kingdom of Portugal]]
|established_event1 = [[Empire of Brazil|Declared]]
|established_date1 = 7 September 1822
|established_event2 = [[Empire of Brazil|Recognized]]
|established_date2 = 29 August 1825
|established_event3 = [[República Velha|Republic]]
|established_date3 = 15 November 1889
|established_event4 = [[Constitution of Brazil|Current constitution]]
|established_date4 = 5 October 1988
|area_rank = 5th
|area_magnitude = 1 E12
|area_km2 = 8514877
|area_sq_mi = 3287597
|percent_water = 0.65
|area_label = Total
|population_estimate = 192,272,890<ref>[http://www.ibge.gov.br/english/ Brazil 2009 Estimate] IGBE: Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística. Retrieved 2 January 2010.</ref>
|population_estimate_rank = 5th
|population_estimate_year = 2009
|population_census = 189,987,291
|population_census_year = 2007
|population_density_km2 = 22
|population_density_sq_mi = 57
|population_density_rank = 182nd
|EPI = 82.7
|EPI_rank = 34
|EPI_year = 2008
|GDP_PPP = $2.013 trillion<ref name=imf>{{cite web|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2010/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=2007&ey=2010&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=223&s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC%2CLP&grp=0&a=&pr.x=83&pr.y=18 |title=Brazil|publisher=International Monetary Fund|accessdate=2010-04-21}}</ref>
|GDP_PPP_rank =
|GDP_PPP_year = 2009
|GDP_PPP_per_capita = $10,513<ref name=imf/>
|GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank =
|GDP_nominal = $1.574 trillion<ref name=imf/>
|GDP_nominal_rank =
|GDP_nominal_year = 2009
|GDP_nominal_per_capita = $8,220<ref name=imf/>
|GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank =
|Gini = 49.3<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.administradores.com.br/informe-se/informativo/desigualdade-e-pobreza-continuaram-caindo-no-brasil-mesmo-com-crise-revela-ipea/24992/ |title=Desigualdade e pobreza continuaram caindo no Brasil mesmo com crise, revela Ipea |publisher=administradores.com.br |date= |accessdate=2010-09-28}}</ref>
|Gini_year = 2009
|Gini_category = <span style="color:#e0584e;">high</span>
|HDI = 0.813<ref name=HDI09>{{cite web|title=Table H: Human development index 2007 and its components|url=http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/HDR_2009_EN_Complete.pdf|format=PDF|accessdate=2009-10-05|publisher=UNDP| author=UNDP Human Development Report 2009}}</ref>
|HDI_rank = 75th
|HDI_year = 2007
|HDI_category = <span style="color:#090;">high</span>
|currency = [[Brazilian real|Real]] (R$)
|currency_code = BRL
|time_zone = [[Time in Brazil|BRT]]<ref name="timezones" />
|utc_offset = [[UTC−02|-2]] to [[UTC−04|-4]]<ref name="timezones" />
|time_zone_DST = [[Time in Brazil#Summer time|BRST]]
|utc_offset_DST = [[UTC−02|-2]] to [[UTC−04|-4]]
|date_format = dd/mm/yyyy ([[Common Era|CE]])
|drives_on = right
|cctld = [[.br]]
|calling_code = [[Telephone numbers in Brazil|+55]]
}}
{{portal}}
The '''Federative Republic of Brazil''' ([[Portuguese language|Portuguese]]: ''República Federativa do Brasil'', [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]: {{IPA|[ʁe'publikɐ fedeɾa'tʃivɐ du bɾa'ziw]}}{{ref|pronunciation}}) is the largest and [[List of countries by population|most populous country]] in [[Latin America]], and fifth largest in the world. Spanning a vast area between central [[South America]] and the [[Atlantic Ocean]], it is the easternmost country of the [[Americas]] and it borders [[Uruguay]], [[Argentina]], [[Paraguay]], [[Bolivia]], [[Peru]], [[Colombia]], [[Venezuela]], [[Guyana]], [[سورېنام]] and the French department of [[French Guiana]]—every South American nation except for [[Ecuador]] and [[Chile]]. Named after [[brazilwood]] (''pau-brasil''), a tree highly valued by early colonists, Brazil is home to both extensive [[agriculture|agricultural]] lands and [[rain forest]]s. Exploiting vast natural resources and a large labor pool, it is South America's leading economic power and a regional leader. It is also considered as a one of the world's [[Superpower#Major Powers|major powers]]. As a former [[colony]] of [[Portugal]], Portuguese is its [[official language]].
== تاريخ ==
{{main|History of Brazil}}
Brazil is thought to have been inhabited for at least 10,000 years by semi-nomadic populations when the first [[Portugal|Portuguese]] explorers, led by [[Pedro Álvares Cabral]], disembarked in 1500. Over the next three centuries, it was resettled by the Portuguese and exploited mainly for [[brazilwood]] (Pau-Brasil) at first, and later for [[sugarcane]] (Cana-de-Açúcar) agriculture and [[gold mining]]. The colony's source of manpower was initially on [[Slavery#Slavery in Brazil|enslaved]] [[Indigenous peoples in Brazil|Amerindians]], and after 1550, mainly [[African]] slaves. In 1808, Queen [[Maria I of Portugal]] and her son and regent, the future [[John VI of Portugal|João VI of Portugal]], fleeing from [[Napoleon I of France|Napoleon]], relocated to Brazil with the royal family, nobles and government. Though they returned to Portugal in 1821, the interlude led to the opening of commercial ports to the [[United Kingdom]] — at the time isolated from most European ports by Napoleon — and to the elevation of Brazil to the status of a united kingdom with Portugal's Crown. Then prince regent [[Peter I of Brazil|Dom Pedro I]] (later Pedro IV of Portugal) declared independence on [[7 September]] [[1822]], establishing the independent [[Empire of Brazil]]. As the crown remained in the hands of the [[House of Braganza|house of Bragança]], this was more the severance of the Portuguese empire in two, than an independence movement as seen elsewhere in the Americas.
[[دوتنه:Ouro_Preto.jpg|thumb|200px|left|[[Ouro Preto]], Historical city of [[XVIII century]].]]
The Brazilian Empire was theoretically a democracy in the [[Westminster system|British style]], although in practice, the emperor-premier-parliament balance of power more closely resembled the autocratic [[Austrian Empire]]. Slavery was abolished in 1888, and intensive European immigration created the basis for industrialization. Pedro I was succeeded by his son, [[Pedro II of Brazil|Pedro II]] — who in old age was caught by a political dispute between the Army and the Cabinet, a crisis arising from the [[War of the Triple Alliance|Paraguay War]]. In order to avoid a civil war between Army and Navy, Pedro II renounced the throne on [[15 November]] [[1889]], when a [[federal republic]] was established by [[Marechal Deodoro da Fonseca|Field Marshal Deodoro da Fonseca]].
In the late [[19th century|19th]] and early [[20th century|20th]] centuries, Brazil attracted over 5 million [[Europe]]an and [[Japanese people|Japanese]] immigrants. That period also saw Brazil industrialize, further colonize, and develop its interior. Brazilian democracy was replaced by [[dictatorship]]s three times — 1930–1934 and 1937–1945 under [[Getúlio Vargas]], and 1964–1985, under a succession of generals appointed by the military. Today, Brazil is internationally considered a [[democracy]] since 1985, specifically a [[president]]ial democracy, which was kept after a [[plebiscite]] in 1993 where voters had to choose between a presidential or [[parliamentary system]]s, whilst also choosing if Brazil should reinstate its [[constitutional monarchy]].
== Politics ==
[[دوتنه:Brasilia National Congress.JPG|thumb|left|[[National Congress of Brazil]].]]
{{main|Politics of Brazil}}
The 1988 [[constitution]] grants broad powers to the federal government. The [[President of Brazil|President]] has extensive [[executive (government)|executive]] powers; he appoints the [[Cabinet of Brazil|Cabinet]], and he is also both [[head of state]] and [[head of government]]. The [[Presidents of Brazil|President]] and Vice-President are elected on the same ticket by popular vote for four-year terms.
The Brazilian [[legislature]], the bicameral National Congress or [[National Congress of Brazil|''Congresso Nacional'']], includes the Federal [[Senate]] or [[Federal Senate of Brazil|''Senado Federal'']] of 81 seats, of which three members from each state or federal district are elected according to the principle of majority to serve eight-year terms; one-third elected after a four-year period, two-thirds elected after the next four-year period. Beside the Senate there is the [[Chamber of Deputies]] or [[Chamber of Deputies of Brazil|''Câmara dos Deputados'']] of 513 seats, whose members are elected by [[proportional representation]] to serve four-year terms
== Regions and States ==
{{main|States of Brazil}}
Brazil consists of 26 states (''estados'', singular ''estado'') and 1 federal district (''distrito federal''):
[[دوتنه:Br-map.png|thumb|200px|Map of Brazil]]
Brazil and its 26 states and Federal District are divided by [[IBGE]] into 5 distinctive [[region]]s: [[North Region, Brazil|North]], [[Northeast Region, Brazil|Northeast]], [[Center-West Region, Brazil|Center-West]], [[Southeast Region, Brazil|Southeast]] and [[South Region, Brazil|South]] ([[Regions of Brazil|Division by Regions]]).
* North: [[Acre (state)|Acre]], [[Amapá]], [[Amazonas]], [[Pará]], [[Rondônia]], [[Roraima]] and [[Tocantins (state)|Tocantins]].
[[وېشنيزه:برازیل]]
The North constitutes 45.27% of the surface of Brazil and it is simultaneously the region with the lowest number of inhabitants. It is a fairly unindustrialized and undeveloped region, but it accommodates the largest rainforest of the world, the [[Amazon Rainforest|Amazon]], and many [[indigenous peoples of Brazil|indigenous]] tribes.
[[وېشنيزه:د سویلي امریکا هیوادونه]]
[[دوتنه:Praia_de_Fortaleza.jpg|thumb|180px|left|[[Fortaleza]] the State capital of [[Ceará]], located in northeastern Brazil.]]
* Northeast: [[Alagoas]], [[Bahia]], [[Ceará]], [[Maranhão]], [[Paraíba]], [[Pernambuco]], [[Piauí]], [[Rio Grande do Norte]] and [[Sergipe]].
The Northeast has 1/3 of Brazil's population. The region is culturally diverse, with roots from the [[Portugal|Portuguese]] colonial period, [[Afro-Brazilian]] culture and some [[Indigenous peoples in Brazil|Brazilian Indian]] influence. It is also the poorest region of Brazil, with long periods of [[dry]] [[climate]]. It is well-known for its beautiful [[coast]].
* Central-West: [[Goiás]], [[Mato Grosso]], [[Mato Grosso do Sul]] and [[Brazilian Federal District|Federal District]].
The Central-West is the second largest region of Brazil, but has a low demographic density, since most of the population is concentrated in large cities. It is where the capital of Brazil, [[Brasília]], is located. The region also accommodates the [[Pantanal]], the world’s largest wetland area.
[[دوتنه:BH11.jpg|thumb|180px|left|[[Belo Horizonte]] capital of [[Minas Gerais]] in Southeast region.]]
* Southeast: [[Rio de Janeiro (state)|Rio de Janeiro]], [[Espírito Santo]], [[Minas Gerais]] and [[São Paulo (state)|São Paulo]]
The Southeast is the richest and most populated region of Brazil. It has more inhabitants than any other South American country, with two of the largest [[megalopolis]]es of the world: [[São Paulo]] and [[Rio de Janeiro]], the largest producer of oil and gas in Brazil. The region is very diverse, including the major business center of São Paulo, the [[Historical]] cities of Minas Gerais, the world famous beaches of Rio de Janeiro, and the Espírito Santo beautiful coast.
[[دوتنه:Blumenau2.JPG|thumb|200px|right|Strong influence from [[German people|German]] immigrants in [[Blumenau]], Southern region]]
* South: [[Paraná]], [[Santa Catarina (state)|Santa Catarina]] and [[Rio Grande do Sul]]
The South is the wealthiest per capita region of Brazil, with the highest [[standard of living]] in the country. It is also the [[temperature|coldest]] part of Brazil, with occasional occurrences of [[frost]]s and [[snowstorms]]. The region has been heavily settled by [[European]] [[immigrants]], mainly [[German-Brazilian|Germans]] and [[Italian Brazilian|Italians]], and shows clear influences from both cultures.
See also:
* [[List of cities in Brazil]] (all cities and municipalities)
* [[List of major cities in Brazil]] (metropolitan areas and major regional cities)
== Geography ==
{{main|Geography of Brazil}}
Brazil is characterized by the extensive low-lying [[Amazon Rainforest]] in the north and a more open terrain of hills and low mountains to the south — home to most of Brazil's population and its agricultural base. Along the [[Atlantic Ocean|Atlantic]] seacoast are also found several mountain ranges, reaching roughly 2,900 [[metre]]s (9,500 [[foot (unit of length)|ft]]) high. The highest peak is the [[Pico da Neblina]] at 2,994 metres (9,823 ft), in [[Guiana]]'s [[highlands]]. Major rivers include the [[Amazon River|Amazon]], the largest river in the world by volume, and often considered the world's longest; the [[Paraná River|Paraná]] and its major tributary, the [[Iguaçu]] River, where the impressive [[Iguaçu]] falls are located; the [[Rio Negro]], [[São Francisco River|São Francisco]], [[Xingu River|Xingu]], [[Madeira river|Madeira]] and the [[Tapajós]] rivers.
[[دوتنه:Cataratas027.jpg|thumb|300px|[[Iguaçu]] Falls]]
Situated on the [[equator]], Brazil's [[climate]] is predominantly [[tropical climate|tropical]], with little seasonal variation. Although the subtropical south is more temperate, it occasionally experiences frost and snow. [[precipitation (meteorology)|Precipitation]] is abundant in the humid [[Amazon Basin]], but more arid landscapes are found as well, particularly in the northeast.
A number of [[island]]s in the [[Atlantic Ocean]] are part of Brazil:
* [[Saint Peter and Paul Rocks]]
* [[Rocas Atoll]]
* [[Fernando de Noronha]]
* [[Trindade and Martim Vaz]]
== See also ==
* [[Protected areas of Brazil]]
* [[List of mountains in Brazil]]
* [[Extreme points of Brazil]]
== Demographics ==
{{main|Demographics of Brazil}}
{{see also|Indigenous peoples in Brazil}}
[[دوتنه:Saopaulo_paulista.jpg|right|thumb|200px|[[São Paulo]], the third largest city in the world]]
The dominant ancestry among Brazilians is the [[Portuguese-Brazilian|Portuguese]], descendants of the early colonists or of 19th and 20th centuries Portuguese immigrants. The settlement of Portuguese started in Brazil after 1532, when the active process of colonization began since the founding of [[São Vicente, São Paulo|São Vicente]]. Until independence in 1822, the Portuguese were the only [[European]] nation that successfully settled in Brazil, and most of Brazil's culture is based on that of [[Portugal]]. The [[Dutch people|Dutch]] and the [[French people|French]] also colonized Brazil during the 17th century, but their presence lasted only a few decades.
The original [[Amerindian]] population of Brazil (between 3-5 million) has in large part been exterminated or assimilated into the [[Portuguese people|Portuguese]] population. Since the beginning of Brazil's [[colonization]], intermarriage between the [[Portuguese people|Portuguese]] and [[Indigenous peoples in Brazil|Native Brazilians]] has been common. Nowadays, there are 700,000 Native-Americans in Brazil, composing less than 1% of the national population.
Brazil has a large [[black]] population, descended from [[African]] [[slaves]] brought to the country from the 16th century until the 19th century. More than 3 million Africans were brought to Brazil until the end of slave trafficking in 1850. They were mainly from [[Angola]], [[Nigeria]], [[Benin]], [[Togo]], [[Ghana]], the [[Ivory Coast]] and [[São Tomé e Príncipe]]. The African population in Brazil has mixed substantially with the Portuguese, resulting in a large [[mixed-race]] population.
Beginning in the 19th century, the Brazilian government stimulated [[European]] [[immigration]] to substitute for the manpower of the former slaves. The first non-Portuguese [[immigrants]] to settle in Brazil were [[German-Brazilian|Germans]], in 1824. In 1869 the first [[Poles|Polish]] immigrants settled in Brazil. However, strong [[Immigration in Brazil|European immigration]] to Brazil began only after 1875, when immigration from [[Italy]], [[Portugal]] and [[Spain]] increased. According to the [http://www.memorialdoimigrante.sp.gov.br// Memorial do Imigrante], between 1870 and 1953, Brazil attracted nearly 5.5 million immigrants, [[Italian Brazilian|Italians]] (1,550,000), [[Portuguese-Brazilian|Portuguese]] (1,470,000), [[Spanish Brazilian|Spaniards]] (650,000), [[German-Brazilian|Germans]] (210,000), [[Japanese-Brazilian|Japanese]] (190,000), [[Poles]] or [[Russian people|Russian]] (120,000) and 650,000 of many other nationalities. Brazil is home to the largest [[Italian people|Italian]] population outside of Italy, with 25 million Italians and [[Italian Brazilian|Italian-descended Brazilians]].
Starting in the early 20th century, Brazil also received a large number of Asians: [[Korean people|Korean]], [[Chinese people|Chinese]], [[Taiwan]]ese, and [[Japanese people|Japanese]] immigrants. The Japanese are the largest [[Asian]] minority in Brazil, and [[Japanese-Brazilian]]s are the largest Japanese population outside of [[Japan]] (1.5 million). Significant immigration from the [[Middle-East]] ([[Lebanon]] and [[Syria]]) has also occurred.
Brazil's population is mostly concentrated along the coast, with a lower population density in the interior. The population of the southern states is mainly of European descent, while the majority of the inhabitants of the north and northeast are of mixed ancestry (Amerindians, Africans and Europeans).
=== Ethnicity and race ===
According to the 2000 [[IBGE]] census:
* white 53.7%
* mixed race 38.5%
* black 6.2%
* asian 0.5%
* amerindian 0.4%
* unspecified 0.7%
Brazil has a White majority and a very large number of mixed race people. Blacks are a significant minority, while Asians and Amerindians are a sizeable minority.
In Southern Brazil [[Italian Brazilian|Italian]] and [[German-Brazilian|German]] are the main white ethnic groups. Southeast Brazil has plenty of [[Portuguese-Brazilian|Portuguese]], [[Italian Brazilian|Italian]] and [[Spanish Brazilian|Spanish]] descendants, while in the rest of the country most whites are of old Portuguese stock. Minority ancestries includes [[Polish Brazilian|Polish]], [[Austrian people|Austrian]], [[Hungarian people|Hungarian]], [[Russian people|Russian]], [[Ukrainian people|Ukrainian]], [[Lithuania]]n and [[Swiss people|Swiss]], most of them concentrated in the South.
[[دوتنه:Capoeira-in-the-street-2.jpg|right|thumb|300px|[[Afro-Brazilian]] [[Capoeira]] art]]
Brazilians of [[mixed-race]] ancestry are found in the whole country, although most of them live in the Northern and Northeastern states. Mixed-race Brazilians include [[mulatto]], [[caboclo]] (or [[mameluco]]) and [[cafuzo]]. The mulattoes, those mixed white and black, make up the majority of them and predominate in the coast of Northeastern Brazil and other parts of the country. Caboclos, mixed white and Amerindian, are found in Northern region, parts of Northeast, Southeast (offsprings from [[bandeirantes]] and [[gauchos]]) and the cafuzos, those mixed black and Amerindian, are the less numerous group, living mainly in the Northeastern part of Brazil. However, most mixed race Brazilians are in fact tri-racial, mixed whites, blacks and Amerindians, in different degrees of mixture.
[[Black people|Black]] Brazilians are concentrated mostly in the Northeastern states, although large black populations can be found throughout the country. The black population in Brazil is probably higher than 6.2%, since many black Brazilians classify themselves as ''mixed-race'', due to local cultural and social aspects when considering the subject of race.
[[Arab Brazilian]]s are concentrated in the Southeastern states (mainly in [[São Paulo]]). The population of [[Arab]] descent in Brazil is estimated at 10 million people, most of them of [[Christian]] [[Lebanese people|Lebanese]] or [[Syria]]n descent [http://www.washtimes.com/world/20050711-092503-1255r.htm].
There is a considerable number of [[Japanese-Brazilian|Japanese]] descendants. Brazil has the largest Japanese descended population in the world outside of Japan, with estimated 1.5 million people.
[[Amerindian]] Brazilians are concentrated in the Northern states, mostly in the [[Amazonas|Amazon]] area. [[Indian reservations]] make up 10% of Brazil's territory.
According to the 1988 Constitution, racism is an unbailable crime and must be met with imprisonment.{{ref|UN}}
== Languages ==
[[دوتنه:Corcovado_statue01_2005-03-14.jpg||250px|right|thumb|[[Corcovado]] Hill in [[Rio de Janeiro]] with Jesus Christ the Redeemer statue]]
[[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] is the official language, and is spoken by nearly the entire population, with exception of some Amerindian tribes and part of the population of some few isolated villages, European colonies. Brazil is the only Portuguese-speaking nation in [[the Americas]], giving it a national culture distinct from its Spanish-speaking neighbors.
Portuguese is the only official language of Brazil, and there are few regional variances. It is virtually the only language used in schools, newspapers, radio and TV, and for all business and administrative purposes.
The language spoken in Brazil is slightly different from that spoken in [[Portugal]] and other Portuguese-speaking countries, with some phonological and orthographic differences, although mutual comprehension is not affected.
[[English language|English]] is part of the official high school curriculum, but just a minority achieve any usable degree of fluency. [[Spanish language|Spanish]] is understood in various degrees by most Portuguese speakers, due to the similarities of the languages. Spanish is slightly common in the border of Brazil with Spanish-speaking countries and the mixture of Spanish and Potuguese is jocosely known as Portunhol or Portuñol. On July 8, 2005, it was decided that an important communication tool for its [[Mercosur]] relations and that Spanish should be adopted as a second language. It will be taught in secondary school which will benefit 10 to 12 million students whenever the new bill comes in effect. [http://www.brazzilmag.com/content/view/3122/49].
Many minority languages are spoken daily throughout the vast national territory of Brazil. Half of these languages are spoken by indigenous peoples, mostly in Northern Brazil. The main indigenous languages are: [[Tupi language|Tupi]], [[Guarani language|Guarani]] (also in Paraguay), [[Kaingang language|Kaingang]], [[Nadëb language|Nadëb]], [[Carajá language|Carajá]], [[Caribe language|Caribe]], [[Tucano language|Tucano]], [[Arára language|Arára]], [[Terêna language|Terêna]], [[Borôro language|Borôro]], [[Apalaí language|Apalaí]], [[Canela language|Canela]] and many others.
Still others are spoken by communities of descendants of immigrants, who are for the most part bilingual, in rural areas of Southern Brazil. These communities speak dialects of [[Italian language|Italian]], [[German language|German]], [[Polish language|Polish]] or [[Japanese language|Japanese]] languages. The most dominant spoken Brazilian German dialect is [[Riograndenser Hunsrückisch]], a Brazilian variation of the [[Hunsrückisch]]
dialect of German. [[Talian]] is the main spoken [[Italian dialects|Italian dialect]] in Brazil, and is based on the [[Venetian Language]], which has its origin in Northern [[Italy]].
[[German language|German]] is spoken as first language by 1,500,000 people, [[Italian language|Italian]] is spoken by 500,000 [[Japanese language|Japanese]] by 400,000 and [[Korean language]] by 37,000. However, these non-Portuguese speaking immigrants communities in Brazil are in full decline, especially among teenagers, who learn primary [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]].
== Religion ==
[[دوتنه:NS Aparecida.png|thumb|150px|[[Our Lady of Aparecida]] is the Patroness of Brazil.]]
''Main article: [[Religion in Brazil]]''
About 74% of the population in Brazil are [[Roman Catholic]]. Followers of [[Protestantism]] are rising in number, currently at 15.4%. [[Spiritism]] constitutes 1.3% of the population (about 2,3 million) and is the country with the most adepts of this religion. African traditional religions such as [[Candomblé]], Macumba, and Umbanda are the next largest groups. There are around 120,000 members of the Jewish community (located mostly in São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro but also in Brasilia, [[كوريتيبا|Curitiba]], Porto Alegre and other major towns) while Buddhism, Shinto, and other Asian religions are also sizeable. There are around 28,000 muslims, or 0.01% of the population. Some practice a mixture of different religions, such as Catholicism, Candomble and indigenous American religion combined.
Brazil is the country with the largest [[Roman Catholic Church|Catholic]] population in the world, as well the country with the most members of [[Asia]]n religions in the [[Western world]].
== Economy ==
{{main|Economy of Brazil}}
{{see also|List of Brazilian companies|Bovespa}}
{{Economy of Brazil table}}
Possessing large and well-developed [[agriculture|agricultural]], [[mining]], [[manufacturing]], and [[service sector]]s, as well as a large labor pool, Brazil's GDP (PPP) outweighs that of any other [[Latin America]]n country, being the core economy of [[Mercosur]]. The country has been expanding its presence in world markets. Major export products include [[airplanes]], [[coffee]], [[vehicles]], [[soybean]], [[iron ore]], [[orange juice]], [[steel]], [[textiles]], [[footwear]] and [[electrical equipment]].
According to the CIA World Factbook Brazil had the eleventh largest economy in the world at purchasing power parity in 2004. Brazil has a diversified middle income economy with wide variations in levels of development. Most large industry is concentrated in the south and south east. The north east is traditionally the poorest part of Brazil, but it is beginning to attract new investment
Brazil has the most advanced industrial sector in Latin America. Accounting for one-third of GDP, Brazil's diverse industries range from automobiles, steel and petrochemicals to computers, aircraft, and consumer durables. With the increased economic stability provided by the Plano Real, Brazilian and multinational businesses have invested heavily in new equipment and technology, a large proportion of which has been purchased from U.S. firms.
Brazil has a diverse and sophisticated services industry as well. During the early 1990s, the banking sector accounted for as much as 16% of GDP. Although undergoing a major overhaul, Brazil's financial services industry provides local businesses with a wide range of products and is attracting numerous new entrants, including U.S. financial firms. The São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro stock exchanges are undergoing a consolidation and the reinsurance sector is about to be privatized
'''Current events'''
After decades of inflation and several attempts to control it, Brazil embarked on a successful economic stabilization program, the Real Plan (named for the new currency, the real; plural: reais) in July 1994. Inflation, which had reached an annual level of nearly 5,000% at the end of 1993, fell sharply, reaching a low of 2.5% in 1998; it was 6% in 2000. Passage of the Fiscal Responsibility Law in mid-2000 improved fiscal discipline at all three levels - federal, state, and municipal - and all three branches of government.
A series of constitutional reform proposals were presented (mostly by Cardoso Administration) to replace a state-dominated economy with a market-oriented one and to restructure all levels of government on a sound fiscal basis. Congress has approved several amendments to open the economy to greater private sector participation, including the involvement of foreign investors. By the end of 2003, Brazil's privatization program, which included the sale of steel and telecommunications firms, had generated proceeds of more than $90 billion.
In January 1999, the Brazilian Central Bank announced that the real would no longer be pegged to the U.S. dollar. This devaluation helped moderate the downturn in economic growth in 1999 that investors had expressed concerns about over the summer of 1998. Brazil's debt to GDP ratio of 48% for 1999 beat the IMF target and helped reassure investors that Brazil will maintain tight fiscal and monetary policy even with a floating currency. The economy grew 4.4% in 2000, but problems in Argentina in 2001, and growing concerns that the presidential candidate considered most likely to win, leftist Luis Inácio Lula da Silva, would default on the debt, triggered a confidence crisis that caused the economy to deccelerate.
But that did not happen. During his first year as president, in 2003, President Lula decided to take an austere approach to the economy by controlling inflation and seeking current account surpluses in order to meet Brazil's debt obligations. With a economic program, combining restrictive monetary policy and raise of taxes, Lula surprised all the economic agents.
The left wing government increased international confidence and improved Brazilian debt ratings. And the Brazilian economy seems to have detached itself from politics.
After a GDP increase of 0.5% in 2003, Brazil has allegedly enjoyed a robust growth in 2004, decreasing to the pace of 2,3% (2005), performance helped by international economic growth and consequential expansion of exports. In January 10, 2006, the IMF has shown satisfaction[http://www.imf.org/external/np/speeches/2006/011006.htm] with Brazil's economic policies. Brazil already paid off its debts with the [[International Monetary Fund]] and the [[Paris Club]].
'''Major issues'''
The economy still has serious problems to face. The internal public debt has reached the all time record (surpassing in 2005 R$ 1 trillion) and public expenses have been increased. The presence of government in the economy is still large.
Important reforms were not implemented and taxes already represent a considerable part of [[national income]] and a serious burden to all social classes, diminishing opportunities for investments and still not being enough to generate a nominal fiscal surplus.
Serious problems involving poor infrastructure, income concentration, low quality public services, widespread corruption, government burocracy among others persist and threaten the potential economic growth of Brazil, compared to other emerging countries with more flexible and dynamic commercial policies. Current economic growth is below of those presented by comparable Latin American countries and is dwarfed by China and India. Concerns about losing manufacturing units (or even depletion of entire industrial sectors) to Asian countries have risen, yet even though not properly addressed by the Brazilian government, which seems not to have an industrial and development plan, anxiety expressed constaintly by [[Federação das Indústrias de São Paulo]].
Brazil has consistently dropped 11 positions on the [[WEF]] Growth Competitiveness Index ranking from 2003 to 2005.[http://www.weforum.org/pdf/Gcr/Growth_Competitiveness_Index_2003_Comparisons][http://www.weforum.org/pdf/Gcr/Growth_Competitiveness_Index_2003_Comparisons][http://www.weforum.org/site/homepublic.nsf/Content/Growth+Competitiveness+Index+rankings+2005+and+2004+comparisons].
Also the concept of private property (protected by Brazilian constitution) has been disrespect recently. The [[Landless Workers' Movement]] (MST) stimulates a large diversity of [[vandalism]] acts against private properties, including productive and development areas. On March 08, 2006, MST sponsored an agressive attack against [[Aracruz]] Celulose, its natural reserves and a research center, destroying a natural reserve and a research center in Barra do Ribeiro, 56 km of Porto Alegre. Its president, Mr Stédile, greeted the vandals, saying that international and finance capital (including Brazilian) should pay for social differences. Up today, no legal procedures were taken. [http://oglobo.globo.com/online/pais/plantao/2006/03/08/192198651.asp]
== Poverty, illiteracy and income concentration ==
[[دوتنه:RiodeJaneiro-Favela.jpg|thumb|left|150px|[[Rocinha]], a [[Rio de Janeiro]] favela]]
Brazil currently has 45 million people living in conditions of [[poverty]]. This is a critical issue.
Poverty in Brazil can be seen in the large metropolitan areas (capitals) and in the "pockets of poverty" (upcountry regions with low rates of economic and social development). The [[Northeast]] has chronic problems thanks to the [[semi-arid]] [[climate]] in the inner regions. It has millions of people suffering [[hunger]]. President [[Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva]] has proposed a program ([[Fome Zero]]) to mitigate this problem.
About 8% of the Brazilian population is officially considered illiterate but over 30% of the total population do not have capacity to read and write texts, although a growing percentage show some writing and computing abilities.[http://www.ibge.gov.br/ibgeteen/datas/alfabetizacao/alfabetizacao.html]
== Technology ==
Brazil has important technology poles located at [[São José dos Campos]] ([[aerospace]] and [[telecommunications]]) , [[Campinas]] ([[software]], [[computers]]) , [[São Carlos]], [[Rio de Janeiro]], [[كوريتيبا|Curitiba]], [[Porto Alegre]], [[Belo Horizonte]] and [[São Paulo]].
== International rankings ==
* [[A.T. Kearney]]/[[Foreign Policy|Foreign Policy Magazine]]: [http://www.atkearney.com/main.taf?p=5,4,1,116 Globalization Index 2005], ranked 57 out of 62 countries
* [[IMD International]]: [http://www01.imd.ch/wcy/ World Competitiveness Yearbook 2005], ranked 51 out of 60 economies (countries and regions)
* [[Reporters without borders]]: [http://www.rsf.org/rubrique.php3?id_rubrique=554 Fourth annual worldwide press freedom index (2005)], ranked 63 out of 167 countries
* [[Save the Children]]: [http://www.savethechildren.org/mothers/report_2005/ State of the World's Mothers 2005], ranked 50 out of 110 countries
* [[The Wall Street Journal]]: [http://www.heritage.org/research/features/index/ 2005] [[Index of Economic Freedom]], ranked 90 out of 155 countries
* [[The Economist]]: [http://www.economist.com/theworldin/international/displayStory.cfm?story_id=3372495&d=2005 The World in 2005 - Worldwide quality-of-life index, 2005], ranked 39 out of 111 countries
* [[Transparency International]]: [http://www.transparency.org/pressreleases_archive/2004/2004.10.20.cpi.en.html Corruption Perceptions Index 2004], ranked 59 out of 146 countries
* [[United Nations Development Programme]]: [http://hdr.undp.org/reports/global/2005/ Human Development Index 2005], ranked 63 out of 177 countries
* [[United Nations Development Programme]]: [http://hdr.undp.org/statistics/data/indicators.cfm?x=148&y=2&z=1 Inequality measures - GINI Index 2005], ranked 169 out of 177 countries
* [[World Economic Forum]]: [http://www.weforum.org/site/homepublic.nsf/Content/Global+Competitiveness+Programme%5CGlobal+Competitiveness+Report Global Competitiveness Report 2004-2005 - Growth Competitiveness Index Ranking], ranked 65 out of 104 countries
* [[Yale University|Yale University Center for Environmental Law and Policy]] and [[Columbia University|Columbia University Center for International Earth Science Information Network]]: [http://www.yale.edu/esi/ESI2005_Main_Report.pdf Index of Environmental Sustainability Index], ranked 11 out of 146 countries.
== Culture ==
[[دوتنه:CarnavalBrazilRio2005.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Carnival parade in [[Rio de Janeiro]]]]
Brazil is a multiracial country, and its culture reflects the wide variety of ethnic groups found in the country: [[Amerindians]], [[Portuguese people|Portuguese]], [[Africans]], [[Italian people|Italians]], [[German people|Germans]], [[Spanish people|Spaniards]], [[Japanese people|Japanese]], [[Arabs]], etc. As result of intense mixing of peoples, a rich mix of different cultures has been synthesized.
''Main article: [[Culture of Brazil]]''
* [[Brazilian Carnival]]
* [[Religion in Brazil]]
* [[Cuisine of Brazil]]
* [[List of Brazilians]]
* [[Literature of Brazil]]
* [[Music of Brazil]]
* [[Cinema of Brazil]]
* [[Holidays in Brazil]]
* [[Brazil Skyscrapers]]
== Sports ==
{{main|Sports in Brazil}}
The most popular sport in Brazil is [[Football (soccer)]]. The [[Brazil national football team|National Team]] is immensely popular, not only in Brazil but also in the many parts of the world where football is appreciated, and there is also a renowned National League, boasting a nation-wide competition as well as several regional competitions. The Brazilian national team has been victorious in the [[World Cup]] tournament a record five times. [[Pele]], one of the world's most recognized players, led Brazil to three of those championships. After the third time, Brazil kept the [[World Cup trophy]] permanently. Some of the contemporary talents in the national team prominent in the football world include [[Ronaldinho]], [[Rivaldo]] and [[Ronaldo]]. The current holder of the title of best football player in the world, according to [[FIFA]], is [[Ronaldinho]], who won the [[FIFA World Player of the Year]] prize in 2004 and 2005.
Three other variations of football are widely practiced by Brazilians, namely [[Futsal]], an indoor version with teams composed of 5 players, beach football, which originated in the beaches of [[Rio de Janeiro]] and [[Footvolley]], which is a mix of football and volleyball, where the players must use their feet and head to get the ball over the net and into the opponent's court, and is also played in sand.
Volleyball is also a very popular sport in Brazil. National and state leagues are popular and enjoy good public attendance. Television coverage is more limited. Brazil's national team has also been very successful, particularly in winning men's gold medals in the 1992 and 2004 Olympic Games. [[Beach volleyball]] has also given Brazilian athletes much success worldwide, today Brazil is the ruling country, with six of its players in the first six positions of FIVB ranking: these include Emanuel Rego, Ricardo Santos, Marcio Araujo and others.
Basketball is also popular, but lost popularity after the increased attention volleyball has gained recently. The Brazilian national team has won the [[Basketball World Championship]] twice, in 1959 and 1963. Brazilian [[Oscar Schmidt]] was one of the best basketball players of basketball history.
Recently tennis has also raised interest. [[Gustavo Kuerten]] (a.k.a. Guga) reached number 1 status in the ATP world ranking in 2001, having won the Roland Garros French Open 3 times (1997, 2000 and 2001).
[[Auto racing]] has also been very popular for a very long time, and Brazil has produced some Formula One world champions: [[Emerson Fittipaldi]] (1972 and 1974), [[Nelson Piquet]] (1981, 1983 and 1987) and [[Ayrton Senna]] (1988, 1990 and 1991), as well as an [[Indy Racing League]] champion, [[Tony Kanaan]] in 2004.
Sailing is another strong sport, in spite of the fact that is an elite sport.
[[Brazilian jiu-jitsu]], a regional martial art, is a significant extension to the original [[jiu-jitsu]]. It is renowned with martial artists throughout the world.
See also:
* [[Brazil national football team]]
* [[Brazilian Football League Teams]]
Some fight sports with Brazilian origins have become popular around the world:
* [[Capoeira]]
* [[Vale tudo]]
{{sect-stub}}
== Flora and fauna ==
[[دوتنه:Golden_lion_tamarin_smithsonian.jpg|right|thumb|200px|[[Golden Lion Tamarin]] (Mico Leão Dourado in [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]]) , one of the most famous tipical brazilian animals.]]
* [[List of Brazilian mammals]]
* [[List of Brazilian birds]]
* [[List of Brazilian reptiles]]
* [[List of plants of Caatinga vegetation of Brazil]]
* [[List of plants of Cerrado vegetation of Brazil]]
== Notes ==
{{note|pronunciation}} The pronunciation in this article reflects standard [[Brazilian Portuguese|Brazilian]] pronunciation. Other possible pronunciation in Brazil is {{IPA|[hɛ.'pu.bli.kɐ fe.de.ɾa.'tʃi.vɐ du bɾa.'ziw]}}. The [[European Portuguese]] pronunciation of the official name of Brazil is: {{IPA|[ʁɛ.'pu.βli.ka fɨ.ðɨ.ɾɐ.'ti.vɐ du bɾɐ.'ziɫ]}}.
== See also ==
[[دوتنه:NAeSP.jpg|thumb|200px|[[NAeL São Paulo]],an [[aircraft carrier]] of the [[Brazilian Navy]]]]
* [[Major power#Brazil|Major power - Brazil]]
* [[Military of Brazil]]
* [[Communications in Brazil]]
* [[Foreign relations of Brazil]]
* [[Human rights in Brazil]]
* [[Public holidays in Brazil]]
* [[Science and technology in Brazil]]
* [[Transportation in Brazil]]
== Footnotes ==
''Much of the material in these articles comes from the [[CIA World Factbook]] 2000 and the 2003 U.S. Department of State website.''
# {{note|UN}} [http://www.unhchr.ch/tbs/doc.nsf/0/c021800a90432bc38025655200447629?Opendocument CERD COMMITTEE ON THE ELIMINATION OF RACIAL DISCRIMINATION, Thirteenth periodic report of States parties due in 1994 : Brazil. 22/02/96.CERD/C/263/Add.10. (State Party Report)]
== External links ==
{{sisterlinks|Brasil}}
* {{cite book |author=Wagley, Charles|title=An Introduction to Brazil|publisher=New York, New York: Columbia University Press|year=1963}}
; Government, administration, economy & politics
* [http://www.brasil.gov.br Brasil.gov.br] - Official governmental portal (in Portuguese)
* [http://www.bcb.gov.br Banco Central do Brasil] - Central Bank of Brazil (in Portuguese/English)
* [http://www.camara.gov.br Câmara dos Deputados] - Official Chamber of Deputies site (in Portuguese)
* [http://www.oecd.org/document/60/0,2340,en_2649_34571_34413308_1_1_1_1,00.html Economic Survey of Brazil 2005]
* [http://www.fomezero.gov.br Fome Zero] - Official site of Fome Zero (zero hunger) program (in Portuguese)
* [http://www.mma.gov.br Ministério do Meio Ambiente] - Ministry of the Environment of Brazil (in Portuguese)
* [http://www.planalto.gov.br Presidência da República] - Official presidential site (in Portuguese)
* [http://www.senado.gov.br Senado Federal] - Official senatorial site (in Portuguese)
* [http://www.stf.gov.br Supremo Tribunal Federal] - Supreme Federal Court (in Portuguese)
* [http://www.stj.gov.br Superior Tribunal de Justiça] - Superior Court of Justice (in Portuguese)
* [http://www.mre.gov.br Ministério das Relações Exteriores] - Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Português/English/Español)
* [http://www.consul.cc/brazil Consular Corps of Brazil] - Official Website of CC Brazil (English)
; Information, statistics
* [http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/brtoc.html Library of Congress: A Country Study: Brazil]
* [http://www.latinbusinesschronicle.com/brazil Latin Business Chronicle: Updated Brazil economic statistics, reports and links]
* [http://dmoz.org/Regional/South_America/Brazil Open Directory Project - Brazil] directory category
* [http://www.brazilink.org Brazilink] - Selected and updated sources by experts (in English)
* [http://www.ibge.gov.br/english/default.php IBGE] - Brazilian Institute for Geography and Statistics (English, Español, Português)
* [http://www.mapafacil.com.br Mapa Fácil] - Online maps of more than 5000 Brazilian cities (in Portuguese)
* [http://www.bn.br/ National Library] (in Portuguese and English)
* [http://www.spcvb.com.br São Paulo Convention & Visitors Bureau] (in Portuguese and English)
; News and media
* [http://www.brasilpost.com.br Brasil-Post] (in German)
* [http://www.jbonline.com.br Jornal do Brasil] - Rio de Janeiro newspaper (in Portuguese)
* [http://www.oglobo.com.br O Globo] - Rio de Janeiro newspaper (in Portuguese)
* [http://www.odia.com.br O Dia] - Rio de Janeiro newspaper (in Portuguese)
* [http://www.estadao.com.br O Estado de São Paulo] - São Paulo newspapers (in Portuguese)
* [http://www.folhaonline.com.br Folha de São Paulo] - São Paulo newspaper (in Portuguese)
* [http://www.correioweb.com.br Correio Braziliense] - Brasília newspaper (in Portuguese)
* [http://www.gazetamercantil.com.br Gazeta Mercantil] - Business newspaper (in Portuguese and English)
* [http://www.uol.com.br UOL] - Brazilian portal (in Portuguese)
* [http://www.ig.com.br iG] - Brazilian portal (in Portuguese)
* [http://www.terra.com.br Terra] - Brazilian portal (in Portuguese)
* [http://www.globo.com Globo.com] - Brazilian portal (in Portuguese)
; Brazilian television
* [http://www.redeglobo.com Globo] - Brazilian network
* [http://www.sbt.com.br SBT] - Brazilian network
* [http://www.rederecord.com.br Record] - Brazilian network
* [http://www.band.com.br Band] - Brazilian network
* [http://www.redetv.com.br Rede TV!] - Brazilian network
* [http://www.tvcultura.com.br/ Rede Cultura] - Brazilian network
* [http://www.mtv.com.br MTV] - MTV Brazilian channel
* [http://www.redevida.com.br Rede Vida] - Religious channel
* [http://www.rittv.com.br RIT] - Religious channel
; Society, social movements, etc.
* [http://hrw.org/english/docs/2005/01/13/brazil9845.htm Human Rights Watch] (in English)
* [http://web.amnesty.org/library/eng-bra/index Amnesty International] (in English)
* [http://www.midiaindependente.org CMI] - Independent Media Center (in Portuguese)
* [http://www.mst.org.br MST] - Landless Labor Movement (in Portuguese)
* [http://www.oeco.com.br O Eco] - Environment issues of Brazil (in Portuguese)
; Art, cooking, culture, history, travel
* [http://www.roadjunky.com/brazil/guide_brazil.shtml Alternative Brazil Travel info] (in English)
* [http://www.destination360.com/south-america/brazil/brazil.php Brazil Travel Guide] (in English)
* [http://www.ceara.com.br Ceará and Fortaleza tourism information] (in Portuguese)
* [http://www.donabrasil.com Dona Brasil] on cooking, culture and travel (in English and Dutch)
* [http://www.colonialvoyage.com/ Dutch Portuguese Colonial History] Dutch Portuguese Colonial History: history of the Portuguese and the Dutch in Ceylon, India, Malacca, Bengal, Formosa, Africa, Brazil. Language Heritage, lists of remains, maps.
* [http://www.gringoes.com Gringoes.com] Useful portal based in Sao Paulo, Brazil (in English)
* [http://www.easyportuguese.com EasyPortuguese]-- Learn the Portuguese spoken in Brazil.
* [http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=Brazil Ethnologue Languages of the World] - Languages of Brazil
* [http://www.maria-brazil.org Maria-Brazil] - The first Brazilian pop-culture web site produced in the USA. Note: The section ''Maria's Cookbook'' is widely praised (site in English)
* [http://www.pernambuco.com.br Recife and Porto de Galinhas tourism information] (in Portuguese)
* [http://www.travel-impressions.de/brazil/mix/baiana.htm Photos of People and Sights]
* [http://www.rioforpartiers.com/ Rio For Partiers] - Award winning travel guide to Rio de Janeiro and [http://www.salvadorforpartiers.com/ Salvador]
* [http://www.sonia-portuguese.com sonia-portuguese] Learning Portuguese
* [http://www.thebraziliansound.com The Brazilian Sound] Brazilian music & culture (in English)
* [http://www.thowra.com/brasil.html Travelling in Brazil] (in English)
* [http://www.nossa.com Brazil Information] - information about Brazil and the Portuguese language.
* [http://www.portoseguro.tur.br Porto Seguro Bahia tourism information] (in Portuguese)
* [http://www.v-brazil.com Virtual Brazil] - Information about Brazilian culture, economy and tourism (in English)
* [http://www.zmaxmiez-jpn.net/untitled4.html Viva Brasil!] All about Brazilian Culture
* [http://www.brazilbrazil.com/braznam.html Hy-Brazil] Origins of the name Brazil
* {{wikitravel}}
* [http://www.rio-online.com Rio-Online.com] - City Information Rio de Janeiro
{{South America}}
[[وېشنيزه:Brazil| ]]
[[وېشنيزه:Former Portuguese colonies]]
[[وېشنيزه:South American countries]]
[[وېشنيزه:CPLP member states]]
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