د پولينډ تاريخچه (۱۹۸۹ – ز کلونه)
له ۱۹۴۵ څخه تر ۱۹۸۹ ز کال پورې د پولينډ تاريخچه د دويمې نړيوالې له پای ته رسېدلو څخه وروسته پر پولينډ باندې د کمونيست حکومت تپل شوې دوره رانغاړي. دا کالونه په داسې حال کې چې د ژوند په معيارونو کې د عمومي صنعتي کوونې، ښارې کوونې او زياتو پرمختګونه سره ښودل کېږي، د سټالين پلوۍ لومړنيو فشارونو، ټولنيزې ناارامۍ، سياسي نښتې او سختو اقتصادي ستونزو په واسطه بدرنګه يا ژوبل شول.
د دويمې نړيوالې جګړې پای ته نږدې د شوروي پر مخ تلونکي سور لښکر په ختيځ کې د پولينډي وسله والو ځواکونو تر څنګ له نيول شوي [اشغال شوي] پولينډ څخه د نازي المان ځواکونه واېستل. د ۱۹۴۵ز کال فبروري کې د Yalta ناستې د روغې جوړې له يوه يووالي څخه له جګړې نه وروسته تر ټاکنو پورې د پولينډ د يو لنډمهالي حکومت جوړښت تصويب کړ. د شوروي اتحاد مشر Joseph Stalin د ياد حکومت پلي کول په ښه ډول اداره کړل. په وارسا کې په عملي ډول د کمونيستانو تر واک لاندې د ملي يووالي يو لنډ مهاله حکومت دې ته په نه پاملرنې سره جوړ شو، چې د پولينډ حکومت د ۱۹۴۰ز کال راهيسې لندن ته تبعيد شوی و.
د ۱۹۴۵ ز کال جولای – اګسټ کې د Potsdam ناستې د پای پر مهال درې سترو متحدينو لويديځ لور ته د لويې پولينډي پولې اوښتل ومنل او د Oder_Neisse کرښې او Crzone Line تر منځ يې د دې هېواد سيمه تصويب کړه، چې پايله يې د پولينډي پولو راټولېدل او لکه د پخوانۍ Piast کورنۍ دورې له پولو سره يو شان کېدل شوه. په اور وژنه (عام وژنه) کې د پولينډي الاصل يهودي وګړو له تباهۍ، لويديځ کې د جرمنيانو د جګړې او ماتېدنې، ختيځ کې د اوکراينيانو بيا مېشت کېدنې او له ختیځو سرحدي ځمکو (Kresy) څخه د قطبونو له ماتېدنې او بيا مېشت کېدنې څخه وروسته، پولينډ په خپل تاريخ کې د لومړي ځل لپاره له څرګندو لږه کيو څخه پرته، په توکميز ډول يو متجانس [سره ورته] دولت شو. نوي حکومت خپل سياسي ځواک کلک کړ، په داسې حال کې چې د پولينډ د متحده کارکوونکو ګوند (PZPR) د Boleslaw Bierut تر مشرۍ لاندې پر هېواد باندې ټينګه اداره [کنترول] تر لاسه کړه، چې د شوروي د نفوذ سيمه کې به د يو خپلواک دولت په توګه پاتې شي. د جولای اساسي قانون (July Constitution) د ۱۹۵۲ ز کال د جولای پر ۲۲ مه باندې په رسمي ډول خپور شو او پولينډ په رسمي ډول د پولينډي خلکو جمهوريت (Polish People’s Republic: PRL) شو.
په ۱۹۵۳ ز کال کې د سټالين له مړينې څخه وروسته يوې سياسي «وېلې کېدنې» د Wladyslaw Gmulka په مشرۍ د پولينډي کمونيستانو يو څه زياتې ليبرالي ډلې ته د ځواک تر لاسه کولو اجازه ورکړه. د ۱۹۶۰ ز لسيزې په نيمايي کې پولينډ د زياتېدونکو اقتصادي او سياسي ستونزو ازمويل پيل کړل. يادې ستونزې په ۱۹۶۸ ز کال کې پولينډي سياسي کړکېچ او ۱۹۷۰ ز کال کې پولينډي لاريون کوونکو [پېښو] کې هغه مهال تر ټولو لوړ ټکي ته ورسېدل، چې د يوه مصرف کوونکي [مستهلک] د بيې حالت د اعتصابونو يوې څپې ته لاره هواره کړه. حکومت له لويديځو امتياز ورکوونکو څخه د هر اړخېزه پورونو پر بنسټ یوه نوې اقتصادي خپرونه وړاندې کړه، چې د ژوند معيارونو او هيلو په لوړوالي کې يې اغېز وکړ، مګر د خپرونې موخه په نړيوال اقتصاد سره د پولينډ د اقتصاد مخ پر وده بشپړونه وه او د ۱۹۷۳ ز کال د تېلو له کړکېچ څخه وروسته ولړزېده. په ۱۹۷۶ ز کال کې د Edward Gierek حکومت يو ځل د بيو لوړولو ته اړ شو، چې د ۱۹۷۶ ز کال د جون لاريونونو لامل شو.
فشار، سمون ، اقتصادي او سياسي هڅې د دې دوران د Pope John Paul II په توګه د Karol Wojtyle د ۱۹۷۸ زکال په ټاکنو سره د نويو ځانګړتياوو غوښتنه وکړه. د Wojtyla د تمې خلاف پورته کېدنې [ترفېع] د اقتدار خوښوونکو او د Nomenklatura د نظريې له مخې ادراه کېدونکي سوسياليست پلوي دولتي نظام د نه ګټورتوب پر وړاندې مخالفت، په ځانګړې ډول په ۱۹۷۹ ز کال کې له پولينډ څخه د Pope په لومړۍ ليدنې سره پياوړی کړ. د ۱۹۸۰ ز کال اګسټ په لومړي کې د اعتصابونو يوې نوې څپې په پايله کې د «يووالي» په نوم د سوداګرۍ خپلواکه اتحاديه رامنځته شوه، چې مشري يې Lech Walesa کوله. د مخالفت مخ پر وده پياوړتيا او فعاليت د Wojciech Jaruzelski حکومت اړ کړ، چې د ۱۹۸۱ ز کال په ډسمبر کې جنګي قانون اعلان کړي. که څه هم په شوروي اتحاد کې د ميخايل ګربچوف (Mikhail Gorbachev) په حکومتي سمونونو، د لويديځ له لوري زياتېدونکي او بې کفايته اقتصاد له امله نظام له خپلو سيالانو سره خبرو اترو کولو ته اړ و. د ۱۹۸۹ ز کال ګردي مېز خبرو (Round Table Talks) د ۱۹۸۹ز کال ټاکنو کې د يووالي [د سوداګرۍ خپلواکه اتحاديه] ګډون ته لاره هواره کړه. د دې اتحاديې د نوماندانو سترې بريا په مرکزي او ختيځه اروپا کې له کمونيستي حکومت څخه د بدلونو لومړی پرله پسې والی راپورته کړ. Jaruzelski په ۱۹۹۰ ز کال کې هغه مهال له ولسمشرۍ څخه استعفا وکړه، چې د ولسمشريزې ټاکنې ترې نه Wales وګټلې.
د کمونيستي حکومت پولينډ رامنځته کېدل (۱۹۴۸ – ز کلونه)
سمولله دويمې نړيوالې جګړې څخه مخکې د پولينډ د نفوسو درېيمه برخه له توکميز لږه کيو څخه ترکيب شوې وه. پولينډ په ۱۹۳۹ ز کال کې نږدې ۳۵ ميليونه اوسېدونکي لرل، مګر په ۱۹۴۶ز کال کې يې نفوس د بېلابېلو پولو دننه له ۲۴ ميليونو تنو څخه لږ و. د پاتې نفوس له درې ميليونو څخه زيات يې توکميز لږه کي، لکه: جرمنيان، اوکراينيان او يهودان وو، چې ډېری دا لږه کي به په نږدې راتلونکي کې له پوليند څخه وتلی وی. پوليند د دويمې نړيوالې جګړې پر مهال د خپل نفوس له ۱۶ تر ۱۷ سلنې له لاسه ورکړ، چې سخت يې وځوراوه. اټکل شوې ده چې د ۱۹۳۹ او ۱۹۴۵ ز کلونو تر منځ د جګړې اړوند سببونو له امله تر ۶ ميليونو پورې پولينډي وګړي و وژل شول. په اټکل شوي شمېر کې د ټولې پورتنۍ وژنې د برخه په توګه ۳ ميليونه يهود الاصل پولينډي قربانيان شامل وو. په توکميز ډول د پولينډي قربانيانو شمېر ښايي ۲ ميليونه و. [۱]
په پولينډ کې تاريخي لږه کي په خورا څرګند ډول اغېزمن شول، په داسې حال کې چې د نظريو په مخکينيو موافقو کې د پولينډ منعکس شوی ګڼ توکميز توپير بس و، مګر له جګړې څخه وروسته په څو کلونو کې دود و. د پولينډ لوست پوړ [ټولګی] زيات وځورېد. د هېواد له جګړې څخه مخکې ګڼ شمېر سياسي او ټولنيز روښانفکران يا ووژل شول او يا تيت او پرک شول.
د بيارغونې د ستر کار په پلي کولو سره د متمرکز واک د غوښتلو په موخه، د نوي حکومت هڅې د هېواد [پولينډ] ملګرتيا وکړه، چې د نوي نظام لپاره د ټولنې د پام وړ غوره شوې برخې د نه باور او له جګړې څخه وروسته د پولينډ د پولو پر سر د نښتو له امله (چې د ۱۹۴۵ ز کال تر نيمايي پورې په ټينګ ډول رامنځته نه شوې) ياده هڅه لا پېچلې شوه. په هغه وخت کې د شوروي شته ځواکونه، د جرمني د هغو پخوانيو ختيځو سيمو په لوټلو کې بوخت شول، چې پولينډ ته سپارل کېدلې، ورڅخه يې ارزښتناک صنعتي توکي، جوړښتونه او کارخونې لوټلې او شوروي اتحاد ته يې استولې.
له شوروي سره د Cruzon Line په ختيځ کې د Kresy سيمو له نښلولو څخه وروسته نږدې دوه ميليونه قطبي وګړي له دې سيمو څخه د Oder-Neisse کرښې ختيځ کې لويديځ او شمالي سيمو ته لاړل، ولېږدول شول او يا وشړل شول. ذکر شوې سيمې د Potsdam تړون له مخې له جرمني څخه پوليند ته ورکړل شوې وې. نور په هغه څه [ځای] کې پاتې شول چې شوروي اتحاد شوی و او زيات خلک له ۱۹۵۶ ز کال څخه وروسته پولينډ ته لاړل. د پولينډ د مرکزي برخو د خلکو نورې استوګنې په هغه ځای کې د پولينډيانو شمېر په ۱۹۵۰ ز کال کې تر ۵ ميليونه پورې ورساوه، چې حکومت ورته د بيارغول شويو سيمو (Recovered Territories) نوم ورکړ. د پخواني جرمني له ۱۰ ميليونه څخه زيات وګړي په ۱۹۵۰ ز کال کې يا وتښتېدل او يا له جګړې څخه وروسته جرمني ته وشړل شول. نږدې ۴،۴ ميليونه وګړي د جګړې په وروستيو پړاوونو کې وتښتېدل او ۳،۵ ميليونه يې د ۱۹۴۵ او ۱۹۵۹ کاونو تر منځ د پولينډي چارواکو له لوري له مخې لرې [ووژل] شول. د جرمنيانو ايستنه [اخراج] په Potsdam ناسته کې د نهايي شويو متحدو پرېکړو پايله وه. [۲]
سرچينې
سمول- ↑ Robert A. Guisepi (2001). "World War Two Casualties. Killed, wounded, prisoners, and/or missing". World War Two. World History Project, USA. خوندي شوی له the original on 7 May 2015. بياځلي په 9 January 2016.
- ↑ The Politics of Retribution in Postwar Warsaw: In the Honor Court of the Central Committee of. Polish Jews. Gabriel N. Finder in Warsaw. The Jewish Metropolis Essays in Honor of the 75th Birthday of Professor Antony Polonsky Series: IJS Studies in Judaica, Volume: 15, 2015 page 558
<ref> tag with name "Bagley" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.
<ref> tag with name "Balcerowicz nie mógł" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.
<ref> tag with name "Brzoza Sowa Historia Polski 1918–1945 619" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.
<ref> tag with name "Brzoza Sowa Historia Polski 1918–1945 695–696" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.
<ref> tag with name "Daszczyński Po wojnie" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.
<ref> tag with name "Encyklopedia_WIEM" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.
<ref> tag with name "Helsinki Foundation 8 mitów" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.
<ref> tag with name "Kwasniewski Okragly Stol" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.
<ref> tag with name "LIFE" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.
<ref> tag with name "Memoirs" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.
<ref> tag with name "Paczkowski" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.
<ref> tag with name "ipn-418" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.
<ref> tag with name "ipn.gov.pl" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.
<ref> tag with name "IPN-Ś" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.
<ref> tag with name "gnauck1" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.
<ref> tag with name "gnauck2" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.
<ref> tag with name "gnauck3" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.
<ref> tag with name "gnauck4" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.
<ref> tag with name "gnauck6" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.
<ref> tag with name "Int Soc" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.
<ref> tag with name "70 Jahre nach Kriegsbeginn zählt Polen seine Opfer" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.
<ref> tag with name "BZH" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.
<ref> tag with name "Billstein" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.
<ref> tag with name "Britannica" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.
<ref> tag with name "Buchanan" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.
<ref> tag with name "Czubinski 235–236" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.
<ref> tag with name "Davies Victory 272–274" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.
<ref> tag with name "DSM" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.
<ref> tag with name "Dudek: 13 grudnia" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.
<ref> tag with name "Dudek Historia polityczna 69-72" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.
<ref> tag with name "Dudek: Nie wierzę" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.
<ref> tag with name "Dudek: Pierwsza Solidarność" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.
<ref> tag with name "Dudek Wzlot i upadek" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.
<ref> tag with name "Eisler Siedmiu 70" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.
<ref> tag with name "Eisler Siedmiu 79–81" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.
<ref> tag with name "Eisler Siedmiu 87–88" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.
<ref> tag with name "Eisler Siedmiu 115–116" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.
<ref> tag with name "Eisler Siedmiu 123–125" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.
<ref> tag with name "Eisler Siedmiu 214–215" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.
<ref> tag with name "Eisler Siedmiu 218–219" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.
<ref> tag with name "Eisler Siedmiu 224" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.
<ref> tag with name "Eisler Siedmiu 227" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.
<ref> tag with name "Eisler Siedmiu 232" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.
<ref> tag with name "Eisler Siedmiu 236–238" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.
<ref> tag with name "Eisler Siedmiu 238–240" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.
<ref> tag with name "Eisler Siedmiu 246" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.
<ref> tag with name "Eisler Siedmiu 258–259" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.
<ref> tag with name "Eisler Siedmiu 260–262" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.
<ref> tag with name "Eisler Siedmiu 268–272" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.
<ref> tag with name "Eisler Siedmiu 282" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.
<ref> tag with name "Eisler Siedmiu 286" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.
<ref> tag with name "Eisler Siedmiu 290–296" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.
<ref> tag with name "Eisler Siedmiu 362" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.
<ref> tag with name "EKP-Econ" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.
<ref> tag with name "Friszke" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.
<ref> tag with name "Gawin Michnik" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.
<ref> tag with name "Gibianskii" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.
<ref> tag with name "GP 380-398" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.
<ref> tag with name "GP 401-410" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.
<ref> tag with name "GP 410-411" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.
<ref> tag with name "GP 411-413" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.
<ref> tag with name "GP 413" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.
<ref> tag with name "GP 414" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.
<ref> tag with name "GP 415" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.
<ref> tag with name "GP 416" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.
<ref> tag with name "GP 417" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.
<ref> tag with name "GP 417, 424" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.
<ref> tag with name "GP 419-424" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.
<ref> tag with name "GP 424" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.
<ref> tag with name "GP 425" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.
<ref> tag with name "GP 426" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.
<ref> tag with name "GP 426-427" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.
<ref> tag with name "GP 427-428" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.
<ref> tag with name "GP 428-430" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.
<ref> tag with name "GP 428" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.
<ref> tag with name "GP 431" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.
<ref> tag with name "GP 434" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.
<ref> tag with name "GP 434-435" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.
<ref> tag with name "GP 435" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.
<ref> tag with name "GP 435-436" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.
<ref> tag with name "GP 436-438" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.
<ref> tag with name "GP 438" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.
<ref> tag with name "GP 439-440" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.
<ref> tag with name "GP 441" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.
<ref> tag with name "GP 441-442" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.
<ref> tag with name "GP 442-443" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.
<ref> tag with name "GP 444-445" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.
<ref> tag with name "GP 470-474" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.
<ref> tag with name "GP 481" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.
<ref> tag with name "GP 482-491" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.
<ref> tag with name "GP 496-501" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.
<ref> tag with name "GP 501-508" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.
<ref> tag with name "GP I 15-17" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.
<ref> tag with name "HSE" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.
<ref> tag with name "Hannaford" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.
<ref> tag with name "Hardy New Capitalism 4–7" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.
<ref> tag with name "Hardy New Capitalism 12–13" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.
<ref> tag with name "Hardy New Capitalism 13–18" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.
<ref> tag with name "Hardy New Capitalism 19–20" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.
<ref> tag with name "Hardy New Capitalism 20–21" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.
<ref> tag with name "Hardy New Capitalism 22–23" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.
<ref> tag with name "Hardy New Capitalism 23–25" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.
<ref> tag with name "Hardy New Capitalism 26–27" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.
<ref> tag with name "Hardy New Capitalism 27–30" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.
<ref> tag with name "Hardy New Capitalism 69–73" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.
<ref> tag with name "Hardy New Capitalism 77–79" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.
<ref> tag with name "Hardy New Capitalism 79–81" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.
<ref> tag with name "Hardy New Capitalism 95" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.
<ref> tag with name "Hardy New Capitalism 99–100" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.
<ref> tag with name "Hardy New Capitalism 115–116" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.
<ref> tag with name "Hardy New Capitalism 118–119" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.
<ref> tag with name "Hardy New Capitalism 129–132" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.
<ref> tag with name "Hardy New Capitalism 143–145" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.
<ref> tag with name "Hardy New Capitalism 155–156" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.
<ref> tag with name "Hardy New Capitalism 184–185" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.
<ref> tag with name "Harvey" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.
<ref> tag with name "Herausforderung Bevölkerung Part 6" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.
<ref> tag with name "IPN-MM" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.
<ref> tag with name "Jak narod nie obalil komuny" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.
<ref> tag with name "Jaruzelski tchorzem nie bylem" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.
<ref> tag with name "Kapitalizm przegra" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.
<ref> tag with name "Kemp-Welch 8" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.
<ref> tag with name "Kemp-Welch 66–68" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.
<ref> tag with name "Kemp-Welch 157–163" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.
<ref> tag with name "Kemp-Welch 180–188" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.
<ref> tag with name "KJL" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.
<ref> tag with name "Kenney-Carnival-2" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.
<ref> tag with name "Kochanski 340" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.
<ref> tag with name "Kochanski 569–577" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.
<ref> tag with name "Kowalik Tribunal" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.
<ref> tag with name "Krasowski Po południu 32–33" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.
<ref> tag with name "Leder Obywatelu" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.
<ref> tag with name "Leder Pustka" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.
<ref> tag with name "Leder Rewolucja 7" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.
<ref> tag with name "Leder Rewolucja 97" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.
<ref> tag with name "Leder Rewolucja 141–143" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.
<ref> tag with name "Leder Rewolucja 158–159" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.
<ref> tag with name "Leder Rewolucja 170–171" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.
<ref> tag with name "Leder Rewolucja 173–174" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.
<ref> tag with name "Leder Rewolucja 182–183" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.
<ref> tag with name "Leder Rewolucja 185–187" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.
<ref> tag with name "Leder Rewolucja 192–194" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.
<ref> tag with name "Leder Rewolucja 194–197" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.
<ref> tag with name "Leszczyński Kościół" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.
<ref> tag with name "Leszczyński March 68" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.
<ref> tag with name "Leszczyński Najsłynniejszy list Peerelu" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.
<ref> tag with name "Leszczyński Wokol ksiazki" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.
<ref> tag with name "Leszczyński Zdobycie władzy" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.
<ref> tag with name "Lukowski 260, 281" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.
<ref> tag with name "Marshall" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.
<ref> tag with name "Mastny" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.
<ref> tag with name "Mażewski Liberalna ciągłość" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.
<ref> tag with name "Modzelewski grozba" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.
<ref> tag with name "Modzelewski kobyla historii 40–41" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.
<ref> tag with name "Modzelewski kobyla historii 53" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.
<ref> tag with name "Modzelewski kobyla historii 59–65" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.
<ref> tag with name "Modzelewski kobyla historii 66–67" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.
<ref> tag with name "Modzelewski kobyla historii 81–84" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.
<ref> tag with name "Modzelewski kobyla historii 86" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.
<ref> tag with name "Modzelewski kobyla historii 92–93" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.
<ref> tag with name "Modzelewski kobyla historii 119–120" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.
<ref> tag with name "Modzelewski kobyla historii 141–142" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.
<ref> tag with name "Modzelewski kobyla historii 206–207" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.
<ref> tag with name "Modzelewski kobyla historii 209–211" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.
<ref> tag with name "Modzelewski kobyla historii 224–226" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.
<ref> tag with name "Modzelewski kobyla historii 227" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.
<ref> tag with name "Modzelewski kobyla historii 234–236" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.
<ref> tag with name "Modzelewski kobyla historii 239–240" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.
<ref> tag with name "Modzelewski kobyla historii 242" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.
<ref> tag with name "Modzelewski kobyla historii 250–258" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.
<ref> tag with name "Modzelewski kobyla historii 268–276" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.
<ref> tag with name "Modzelewski kobyla historii 320–327" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.
<ref> tag with name "Modzelewski kobyla historii 329–341" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.
<ref> tag with name "Modzelewski kobyla historii 357–363" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.
<ref> tag with name "Modzelewski kobyla historii 368–374" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.
<ref> tag with name "Modzelewski kobyla historii 375–380" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.
<ref> tag with name "Modzelewski kobyla historii 392–405" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.
<ref> tag with name "Modzelewski Rewolucjonista" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.
<ref> tag with name "Wkurzyl sie pan" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.
<ref> tag with name "Neoliberalizm boli i slono kosztuje" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.
<ref> tag with name "Od rządu do nierządu" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.
<ref> tag with name "Ost Regime Change" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.
<ref> tag with name "Ost Solidarity vii–ix" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.
<ref> tag with name "Ost Solidarity 1–6" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.
<ref> tag with name "Ost Solidarity 6–14" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.
<ref> tag with name "Ost Solidarity 34–38" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.
<ref> tag with name "Ost Solidarity 38–49" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.
<ref> tag with name "Ost Solidarity 49–53" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.
<ref> tag with name "Ost Solidarity 55–58" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.
<ref> tag with name "Ost Solidarity 58–64" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.
<ref> tag with name "Ost Solidarity 67–70" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.
<ref> tag with name "Ost Solidarity 70–74" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.
<ref> tag with name "Ost Solidarity 75–79" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.
<ref> tag with name "Ost Solidarity 79–81" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.
<ref> tag with name "Ost Solidarity 81–85" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.
<ref> tag with name "Ost Solidarity 85–93" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.
<ref> tag with name "Ost Solidarity 93–97" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.
<ref> tag with name "Ost Solidarity 100–111" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.
<ref> tag with name "Ost Solidarity 126–133" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.
<ref> tag with name "Ost Solidarity 137–141" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.
<ref> tag with name "Ost Solidarity 141–146" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.
<ref> tag with name "Ost Solidarity 149–156" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.
<ref> tag with name "Ost Solidarity 160–165, 187–191" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.
<ref> tag with name "Ost Solidarity 165–172" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.
<ref> tag with name "Ost Solidarity 179–185" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.
<ref> tag with name "Ost Solidarity 205–215" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.
<ref> tag with name "Ost Solidarity 217–222" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.
<ref> tag with name "Ost Solidarity Defeat 13–19" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.
<ref> tag with name "Ost Solidarity Defeat 37–41" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.
<ref> tag with name "Ost Solidarity Defeat 41–43" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.
<ref> tag with name "Ost Solidarity Defeat 43–49" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.
<ref> tag with name "Ost Solidarity Defeat 49–55" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.
<ref> tag with name "Ost Solidarity Defeat 57–59" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.
<ref> tag with name "Ost Solidarity Defeat 65–68" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.
<ref> tag with name "Ost Solidarity Defeat 94–99" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.
<ref> tag with name "Ost Solidarity Defeat 99–106" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.
<ref> tag with name "Ost Solidarity Defeat 106–119" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.
<ref> tag with name "Ost Solidarity Defeat 125–131" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.
<ref> tag with name "Ost Solidarity Defeat 131–134" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.
<ref> tag with name "Ost Solidarity Defeat 134–137" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.
<ref> tag with name "PWN_historia" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.
<ref> tag with name "Perdue" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.
<ref> tag with name "Piotrowski-1" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.
<ref> tag with name "Piotrowski-21" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.
<ref> tag with name "Piotrowski-88-90" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.
<ref> tag with name "Pyzik Poor but Sexy 30–31" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.
<ref> tag with name "PlMarx" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.
<ref> tag with name "Polish victims" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.
<ref> tag with name "Polsko nie daj sie" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.
<ref> tag with name "Prazmowska Gomulka grozil" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.
<ref> tag with name "Puto Transformacja" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.
<ref> tag with name "Puto Watahy" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.
<ref> tag with name "Questions to be asked" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.
<ref> tag with name "Reforma nie zaczęła" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.
<ref> tag with name "Rzecz" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.
<ref> tag with name "Schweizer" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.
<ref> tag with name "Solidarnosc tak bylo" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.
<ref> tag with name "Solidarnosc zastepcza" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.
<ref> tag with name "Sowa Historia polityczna 91–95, 102" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.
<ref> tag with name "Sowa Historia polityczna 230–231" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.
<ref> tag with name "Sowa Historia polityczna 223, 271–272" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.
<ref> tag with name "Sowa Historia polityczna 246–250" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.
<ref> tag with name "Sowa Historia polityczna 305–306" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.
<ref> tag with name "Sowa Historia polityczna 337" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.
<ref> tag with name "Sowa Historia polityczna 342" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.
<ref> tag with name "Sowa Historia polityczna 365–375" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.
<ref> tag with name "Sowa Historia polityczna 405–407" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.
<ref> tag with name "Sowa Historia polityczna 599–600" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.
<ref> tag with name "Sowa Historia polityczna 721" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.
<ref> tag with name "Stelmachowski 33" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.
<ref> tag with name "Stelmachowski 53" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.
<ref> tag with name "Stelmachowski 58–99" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.
<ref> tag with name "Stola Anti-Zionist Campaign" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.
<ref> tag with name "Stola 13–27" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.
<ref> tag with name "Sutowski Okragly Stol" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.
<ref> tag with name "Szeląg 11–12" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.
<ref> tag with name "Thum" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.
<ref> tag with name "Tismaneanu" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.
<ref> tag with name "TVN-1" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.
<ref> tag with name "Urbanski Polska exportuje ludzi" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.
<ref> tag with name "Wehr" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.
<ref> tag with name "Weigel-Pope" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.
<ref> tag with name "Weigel-Witness" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.
<ref> tag with name "Werblan Szkice 149–150" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.
<ref> tag with name "Werblan Szkice 152" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.
<ref> tag with name "Wroński Modzelewski Dyktatura" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.
<ref> tag with name "deZ" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.
<ref> tag with name "historybuffalo" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.
<ref> tag with name "poloniatodayhistory" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.
<ref> tag with name "Wykonalismy komende" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.
<ref> tag with name "yivoinstitute" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.
<ref> tag with name "Zakowski Najlepszego" defined in <references> is not used in prior text.