ارتداد په اسلام کې

ارتداد په اسلام کې (عربي: ردة یا ارتداد) په معمول ډول د فکر، خبرې کولو او عمل په ډګر کې د یو مسلمان له خوا د اسلام پرېښودو ته ویل کېږي. په دغه موضوع کې نه یوازې د اسلام له مبارک دین څخه بل دین یا منسوخ شوو آسماني دینونو ته اوښتون شاملېږي بلکې د ټولو هغو کسانو د کفر ویل او بدعت هم په کې شامل دی چې ځانونه مسلمانان بولي؛ دا ټولې هغې چارې او اقدامات په ځان کې نغاړي چې پر کفر دلالت کوي، په دغو کې د اسلام له «اصل یا اساسي عقیدې» څخه منکرین شامل دي (د بېلګې په توګه هغه کسان چې د پېریانو شتون نه مني). هر هغه څوک چې دغه ډول چاره ترسره کړي بیا نور ورته مرتد ویل کېږي. [۱][۲][۳][۴][۵][۶][۷][۸][۹][۱۰][۱۱]

په داسې حال کې چې کلاسیکې اسلامي فقې د هغو مرتدینو لپاره جزا اعدام اعلان کړې چې توبه نه کوي، خو هغه څرګندونې یا اعمال چې یو څوک د ارتداد په شرایطو برابروي او همدارنګه د هغو د مجازاتو ډول د اسلامي علماوو ترمنځ اختلافي موضوع ګانې جوړوي. کفري نړۍ بیا د مرتدینو د وژلو جزا د نړیوالو بشري حقونو سره په ټکر کې بولي ځکه چې دغه حقونه د مذهب آزادي تضمین کوي؛ هماغه ډول چې د بشري حقونو د نړیوالې اعلامیې، د مدني او سیاسي حقونو د نړیوال کنوانسیون او د اقتصادي، ټولنیزو او کلتوري حقونو د نړیوال کنوانسیون په څېر د بشري حقونو په ټولو اسنادو کې ورته نغوته شوې ده. [۱۲][۱۳][۱۴][۱۵][۱۶] [۱۷][۱۸][۱۹]

د نوولسمې پېړۍ تر وروستیو پورې اکثریت سني او شیعه محدثینو له اسلام څخه ارتداد لوی جرم باله او مرتدین یې هم د اعدام په جزا محکوم کول؛ خو بیا یې هم یو شمېر اسانتیاوې رامنځته کړې وې (لکه وخت ورکول چې که چېرې توبه وباسي؛ دغه مورد به هم یوازې هغه مهال شتون درلود چې سیاسي مداخله به وشوه)؛ دغه اسانتیاوې بیا د هماغې دورې ځانګړنو، حقوقي معیارونو او حقوقي مکتب ته اړوندېدلې. د ۱۹مې پېړۍ په وروستیو کې د ارتداد لپاره د قانوني جزايي مجازاتو څخه ګټنه له منځه ولاړه په داسې حال کې چې مدني مجازات یې تر نن ورځې پورې شتون لري. [۲۰][۲۱][۲۲][۲۳][۲۴][۲۵][۲۶][۲۷][۲۸][۲۹]

تر ۲۰۲۱ زکال پورې ۱۰ داسې اکثریت مسلمان هېوادونو شتون درلود چې په هغو کې د ارتداد جزا اعدام وه، خو قانوني اعدامونه بیا په کې په ډېره لږ کچه وو. دغه اعدامونه هم د سخت دریځو مجاهدینو (القاعده، داعش، د الجیریا وسله واله ډله) له خوا ترسره کېدل. نورو ۱۳ هېوادونو بیا د مرتدینو لپاره بل ډول جزایي یا مدني مجازات ټاکلي چې په دغو کې بند، د واده فسخ، د ارث د حق او د ماشومانو د مسئولیت له لاسه ورکول شاملېږي. [۳۰][۳۱][۳۲][۳۳][۳۴][۳۵][۳۶]

په معاصره اسلامي نړۍ کې د اعدام له مجازاتو ملاتړ د افغانستان د ۷۸٪ او د قزاقستان د ۱٪ کچې ترمنځ له یو بل توپیر لري؛ ورته مهال اکثریت مسلمان حقوق پوهان ارتداد داسې یو جرم بولي چې جزا یې باید اعدام وي. مخالفین یې بیا استدلال کوي چې جزا یې باید له مرګ څخه لږ وي او مرتد کس خپله جزا په آخرت کې وویني یا هم یوازې د عمومي فتنې یا فساد کولو پر مهال اعدام شي. [۳۷][۳۸][۳۹][۴۰][۴۱][۴۲][۴۳][۴۴][۴۵][۴۶]

سرچينې

سمول
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