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=== Sound production and hearing ===

Insects were the earliest organisms to produce sounds and to sense them. Soundmaking in insects is achieved mostly by mechanical action of appendages. In the [[grasshopper]]s and crickets this is achieved by [[stridulation]]. The [[cicada]]s have the loudest sounds among the insects and have special modifications to their body and musculature to produce and amplify sounds. The African [[cicada]], ''[[Brevisana brevis]]'' has been measured at 106.7 [[decibel]]s at a distance of 50&nbsp;cm (20&nbsp;in).<ref name="walker">Walker, T.J., ed. 2001. University of Florida Book of Insect Records, 2001. [http://ufbir.ifas.ufl.edu/]</ref> Some insects, such as the [[hawk moth]]s and [[Hedylidae|Hedylid]] butterflies, can hear ultrasound and take evasive action when they sense detection by bats. Some moths produce ultrasound clicks that were earlier thought to have a role in jamming the bat echolocation, but it was subsequently found that these are produced mostly by unpalatable moths to warn bats, just as [[Aposematism|warning colourations]] are used against predators that hunt by sight.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Hristov|first=N.I.|coauthors=Conner, W.E.|year=2005|title=Sound strategy: acoustic aposematism in the bat–tiger moth arms race|journal=Naturwissenschaften|volume=92|pages=164–169|doi=10.1007/s00114-005-0611-7}}</ref> These calls are also made by other moths involved in [[mimicry]].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Barber|first=J. R.|coauthors=W. E. Conner|year=2007|title=Acoustic mimicry in a predator–prey interaction|journal=Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci.|volume=104|issue=22|pages=9331–9334|url=http://www.pnas.org/cgi/content/figsonly/104/22/9331|doi=10.1073/pnas.0703627104|pmid=17517637}}</ref>