د "سلطان محمود غزنوي" د بڼو تر مېنځ توپير

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۴ کرښه:
 
== Lineage ==
[[دوتنه:Mahmud and Ayaz and Shah Abbas I.jpg|thumb|250px|right|'''Mahmud and Ayaz'''<br />The Sultan is to the right, shaking the hand of the sheykh, with [[Malik Ayaz|Ayaz]] standing behind him. The figure to his right is [[Shah Abbas I]] who reigned about 600 years later.<br />Tehran Museum of Contemporary Art, Tehran]]
 
Mahmud's grandfather was [[Alptigin]], a [[Turkic peoples|Turkic]] slave-guard of the [[Samanids]] in [[Balkh]] who crossed the [[Hindu Kush]] mountains to seize [[Ghazni]] from the declining Samanid kingdom, located strategically on the road between [[Kabul]] and [[Kandahar]]. Alptigin was succeeded in [[977]] by his slave and son-in-law [[Sabuktigin]], who enlarged upon Alptigin's conquests, extending his domain north to [[Balkh]], west to [[Kandahar Province|Kandahar]] and [[Khorasan province]], and east to the [[Indus River]]. According to [[Ferishta]], Mahmoud's mother was a Persian noble from [[Zabulistan]]<ref>[[Ferishta|Muhammad Qāsim Hindū Šāh Astarābādī Firištah]], ''"History Of The Mohamedan Power In India"'', Chapter I, ''"Sultān Mahmūd-e Ghaznavī"'', p.27</ref> - this information contradicts [[Ferdowsi]]'s satirization of Mahmud for ''"being descended from slaves on both maternal and paternal side"''.
۳۷ کرښه:
 
''As a Prince''
* 994: Gained the title of Saif-ud-dawla and became Governor of [[Khorasan]] under service to [[Nuh II of Samanid|Nuh II]] of the [[Samanid]]s in civil strife
* 995: The Samanid rebels Fa'iq (leader of a court faction that had defeated Alptigins nomination for Emir) and Abu Ali expel Mahmud from [[Nishapur]]. Mahmud and Sabuktigin defeat [[Samanid]] rebels at [[Tus]].
 
''As a Ruler''
* 997: '''[[Qarakhanid]] Empire'''
* 999: '''[[Khurasan]], [[Balkh]], [[Herat]], [[Marv]]''' from the [[Samanid]]s. A concurrent invasion from the North by the Qarakhanids under Elik Khan (Nasr Khan) ends [[Samanid]] rule.
* 1000: '''[[Seistan]]'''
* 1001: '''[[Gandhara]]''': Sultan Mahmud defeats [[Jayapala]] at [[Peshawar]] and [[Jayapala]] defects and commits suicide.
* 1002: '''[[Seistan]]''': Imprisoned Khuluf
* 1004: '''Bhatia''' annexed after it fails to pay its yearly tribute.
* 1005: '''[[Multan]]''' revolts under Abul-Futtah Dawood who enlists the aid of Anandapala. Defeated at [[Peshawar]] and pursued to Sodra ([[Wazirabad]]). '''Ghur''' captured. Appoints Sewakpal to administer the region. Anandapala flees to [[Kashmir]], takes refuge in the Lohara{{Fact|date=February 2007}} fort in the hills on the western border of [[Kashmir]].
* 1005: Defends [[Balkh]] and [[Khurasan]] against Nasr I of the Qarakhanids and recaptured Nishapur from [[Isma'il Muntasir]] of the Samanids.
* 1005: '''Sewakpal''' rebels and is defeated.
* 1008: Mahmud defeats the [[Rajput]] Confederacy ([[Ujjain]], [[Gwalior]], [[Kalinjar]], [[Kannauj]], [[Delhi]], and [[Ajmer]]) in battle between Und and [[Peshawar]], and captures the [[Shahi]] treasury at [[Kangra]] in the [[Punjab Hill States]].
:'''Note''': A historical narrative states in this battle, under the onslaught of the [[Gakhar]] tribe Mahmud's army was about to retreat when [[Jayapala]]'s son King Anandpala's [[elephant]] took flight and turned the tide of the battle.
* 1008: '''[[Kangra|Nagarkot]]'''
* 1010: '''Ghur'''; against Mohammad ibn Sur
* 1010: [[Multan]] revolts. Abul Fatha Dawood imprisoned for life at [[Ghazni]].
* 1011: '''[[Thanesar]]'''
* 1012: '''Joor-jistan''': Captures Sar(Czar??)-Abu-Nasr
* 1012: Demands and receives remainder of the province of Khurasan from the [[Abassid]] [[Caliph]]. Then demands [[Samarkand]] as well but is rebuffed.
* 1013: '''Bulnat''': Defeats Trilochanpala.
* 1015: Ghaznis expedition to [[Kashmir]] fails. Fails to take the Lohara{{Fact|date=February 2007}} fort at Lokote in the hills leading up to the valley from the west.
* 1015: '''[[Khwarezm]]''': Marries his sister to Aboul Abbass Mamun of Khwarezm who dies in the same year in a rebellion. Moves to quell the rebellion and installs a new ruler and annexes a portion.
* 1017: [[Kannauj]], [[Meerut]], and Muhavun on the Jamuna, [[Mathura]] and various other regions along the route. While moving through Kashmir he levies troops from vassal Prince for his onward march, [[Kannauj]] and [[Meerut]] submitted without battle.
* 1021: [[Kalinjar]] attacks [[Kannauj]]: he marches to their aid and finds the last [[Shahi]] King Trilochanpala encamped as well. No battle, the opponents leave their baggage trains and withdraw the field. Also fails to take the fort of Lokote again. Takes [[Lahore]] on his return, [[Shahi]] flee to Ajmer. First Muslim governors appointed east of the [[Indus River]].
* 1023: '''[[Lahore]], [[Kalinjar]], [[Gwalior]]''': No battles, exacts tribute. Trilochanpala the grandson of [[Jayapala]] who is assassinated by his own troops and official annexation of [[Punjab region|Punjab]] by Ghazni. Also fails to take the Lohara fort on the western border of Kashmir for the second time.
* 1024: '''[[Ajmer]], Nehrwala, [[Kathiawar]]''': This raid was his last major campaign. The concentration of wealth at [[Somnath]] was renowned, and consequently it became an attractive target for Mahmud, and had previously deterred most invaders. The [[temple]] and [[citadel]] were sacked, and most of its defenders massacred;{{Fact|date=February 2007}} Mahmud personally hammered the temple's gilded [[lingam]] to pieces and the stone fragments were carted back to Ghazni, where they were incorporated into the steps of the city's new ''Jamiah Masjid'' (Friday [[mosque]]) in 1026. He placed a new King in [[Gujarat]] as a tributary and took the old one to Ghazni prisoner. His return detoured across the [[Thar Desert]] to avoid the armies of [[Ajmer]] and other allies on his return.
* 1025: Marched against the [[Jat]]s of the Jood mountains who harried his army on its return from the sack of Somnath.
* 1027: '''[[Rayy]], [[Isfahan]], [[Hamadan]]''' from the [[Buyid]] (Daylami) Dynasty.
* 1028, 1029: '''[[Merv]], [[Nishapur]]''' lost to [[Seljuk Turks]]
<br />
 
Mahmud's campaigns seem to have been motivated by both religious zeal against both the [[Fatimid]]s [[Shiites]] and non-Muslims; [[Buddhists]], [[Jains]] and [[Hindus]]. His principal drive remained the Ismaili Shiites, Buyid Iran as well as favor and recognition of independence from the [[Abbassid]] [[Caliphate]]. The wealth plundered from the [[Rajput]] Confederacy and his Indian campaigns went a long way towards meeting those ends. By 1027, Mahmud had accomplished this as well as capturing most of [[Pakistan]] and North Western [[India]] as well as obtaining formal recognition of Ghazni's sovereignty from the Abbasid [[Khalifah]], [[al-Qadir]] Billah, as well as the title of ''Yameen ud Daula''.
۹۹ کرښه:
The [[Ghaznavid Empire]] was ruled by his successors for 157 years, but after Mahmud it never reached anything like the same splendour and power. The expanding [[Seljuk Turks|Seljuk]] Turkish empire absorbed most of the Ghaznavid west. The [[Ghorid]]s captured Ghazni c. [[1150]], and [[Muhammad Ghori]] captured the last Ghaznavid stronghold at [[Lahore]] in [[1187]]. The Ghaznavids went on to live as the Nasher-Khans in their home of Ghazni until the 20th century.
 
* [[Pakistan]] today has named one of its medium-range [[missile]]s in honour of him.
 
{| align=center border=1 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=4 style="background: #f9f9f9; text-align:center; border:1px solid #aaa;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:95%"
|-
|width="30%" align="center"|Preceded by:<br />'''[[Ismail of Ghazni]]'''
|width="40%" align="center"|'''[[Ghaznavid Empire|Ghaznavid]] Ruler'''<br />997–1030
|width="30%" align="center"|Followed by:<br />'''[[Mohammad Ghaznavi|Mohammad]]'''
|}
 
== See also ==
* [[Ghazni]]
* [[Lahore]]
* [[Islamic conquest of South Asia]]
* [[History of Afghanistan]]
* [[History of Pakistan]]
* [[History of India]]
* [[History of Iran]]
* [[Flag of Iran]]
 
== References and footnotes ==
۱۲۴ کرښه:
* Ferishta, History of the Rise of Mohammedan Power[http://persian.packhum.org/persian/pf?file=06901020&ct=0]
* Alexander Berzin, ''Berzin Archives: The Historical Interaction between the Buddhist and Islamic Cultures before the Mongol Empire'', 2001 [http://www.berzinarchives.com/e-books/historic_interaction_buddhist_islamic/history_cultures_18.html]
* McLeod, John (2002). ''The History of India''. London: Greenwood Press. ISBN-0-313-31459-4.
 
== External links ==
* [http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/people/A0831222.html Columbia Encyclopedia (Sixth Edition) - Mahmud of Ghazna]
* [http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9050135/Mahmud Encylopaedia Britannica (Online Edition) - Mahmud]
* [http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9036676/Ghaznavid-Dynasty Encyclopaedia Britannica (Online Edition) - Ghaznavid Dynasty]
* [http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-14003/Central-Asian-arts Encyclopaedia Britannica (Online Edition) - Ghaznavids and Ghurids]
* [http://orbat.com/site/cimh/kings_master/kings/mahmud_ghaznavi/Mahmud%20Ghaznavi.html Mahmud Ghaznavi's 17 invasions of India]
* [http://www.afghan-network.net/Rulers/mahmud-ghazni.html Mahmud Ghazni]
* [http://www.iranchamber.com/history/ghaznavids/ghaznavids.php History of Iran: Ghaznevid Dynasty]
* [http://www.kashmirherald.com/featuredarticle/rewritinghistory.html Rewriting history and Mahmud of Ghazni]
 
{{1911}}
۱۵۲ کرښه:
[[en:Mahmud of Ghazni]]
[[es:Mahmud de Ghazni]]
[[fa:سلطان محمود غزنوی]]
[[fi:Ghaznin Mahmud]]
[[fr:Mahmoud de Ghaznî]]