د "گلايکوليسېز" د بڼو تر مېنځ توپير
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Luckas-bot (خبرې اترې | ونډې) و robot Adding: ro:Glicoliza |
و robot Modifying: ro:Glicoliză; cosmetic changes |
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۱ کرښه:
{{ژباړل}}
:''دا هم وګورۍ: [[ګلوکونيوجنېسېز]], which carries out a process wherein glucose is synthesized rather than catabolized.''
'''ګلايکوليسېز''' د ګڼ شمېر تعاملونو د لړۍ نوم دی چې ګلوکوز په پايروېټ بدلوي او ورسره يو مقدار اډينوسين ټرايفاسفېټ هم توليدوي.دا تړنګنوم د [[يوناني ژبه|يوناني]] ژبې د وييکو
ګلايکوليسېز يوه مېټابوليکي پروسه ده چې په دې پروسه کې ګلوکوز يا قنديات په پايروېټ بدلېږي. د همدې پروسې د ترسره کېدو وروسته چې کومه انرژي په لاس راځي هغه د هغې لوړې انرژۍ لرونکي مرکبونو په جوړېدنه کې لکه، د ATP اډېنوسين ټرای فاسفېټ او NADH نيکوټين اډېنين ډای نيوکليوټايډ کارېږي.
۷ کرښه:
It is the initial process of most [[carbohydrate catabolism]], and it serves three principal functions:
# Generation of high-energy molecules ([[Adenosine triphosphate|ATP]] and [[NADH]]) as cellular energy sources as part of [[aerobic respiration]] and [[anaerobic respiration]]; that is, in the former process, oxygen is present, and, in the latter, oxygen is not present
# Production of pyruvate for the [[citric acid cycle]] as part of [[aerobic respiration]]
# Production of a variety of six- and three-carbon intermediate compounds, which may be removed at various steps in the process for other cellular purposes.
As the foundation of both [[aerobic respiration|aerobic]] and [[anaerobic respiration]], glycolysis is the archetype of universal [[metabolism|metabolic]] processes known and occurring (with variations) in many types of [[Cell (biology)|cells]] in nearly all organisms. Glycolysis, through anaerobic respiration, is the main energy source in many [[prokaryotes]], [[eukaryotic]] cells devoid of [[mitochondria]] (e.g., mature [[erythrocytes]]) and eukaryotic cells under low-[[oxygen]] conditions (e.g., heavily-exercising muscle or fermenting [[yeast]]).
۳۰۹ کرښه:
[[Phosphofructokinase]] is an important control point in the glycolytic pathway, since it is one of the irreversible steps and has key allosteric effectors, [[AMP]] and [[fructose 1,6-bisphosphate]] (F1,6BP).
[[Fructose 2,6-bisphosphate]] (F2,6BP) is a very potent activator of phosphofructokinase (PFK-1) that is synthesised when F6P is phosphorylated by a second phosphofructokinase ([[PFK2]]). In liver, when blood sugar is low and [[glucagon]] elevates cAMP, [[PFK2]] is phosphorylated by protein kinase A. The phosphorylation inactivates [[PFK2]], and another domain on this protein becomes active as [[fructose 2,6-bisphosphatase]], which converts F2,6BP back to F6P. Both [[glucagon]] and [[epinephrine]] cause high levels of cAMP in the liver. The result of lower levels of liver fructose-2,6-bisphosphate is a decrease in activity of [[phosphofructokinase]] and an increase in activity of
[[Adenosine triphosphate|ATP]] competes with [[AMP]] for the allosteric effector site on the PFK enzyme. [[Adenosine triphosphate|ATP]] concentrations in cells are much higher than [[AMP]], typically 100-fold higher,<ref>Beis I., and Newsholme E. A. (1975). The contents of adenine nucleotides, phosphagens and some glycolytic intermediates in resting muscles from vertebrates and invertebrates. Biochem J 152, 23-32.</ref> but the concentration of [[Adenosine triphosphate|ATP]] does not change more than about 10% under physiological conditions, whereas a 10% drop in [[Adenosine triphosphate|ATP]] results in a 6-fold increase in [[AMP]].<ref>Voet D., and Voet J. G. (2004). Biochemistry 3rd Edition (New York, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.).</ref> Thus, the relevance of [[Adenosine triphosphate|ATP]] as an allosteric effector is questionable. An increase in [[AMP]] is a consequence of a decrease in
[[Citrate]] inhibits phosphofructokinase when tested ''in vitro'' by enhancing the inhibitory effect of ATP. However, it is doubtful that this is a meaningful effect ''in vivo'', because citrate in the cytosol is mainly utilized for conversion to [[acetyl-CoA]] for [[fatty acid]] and [[cholesterol]] synthesis.
۳۴۳ کرښه:
* [[Pentose phosphate pathway]]
* [[Citric acid cycle]], which in turn leads to:
:* [[Amino acid synthesis]]
:* [[Nucleotide synthesis]]
:* [[Tetrapyrrole synthesis]]
From an energy perspective, NADH is either recycled to NAD+ during anaerobic conditions, to maintain the flux through the glycolytic pathway, or used during aerobic conditions to produce more ATP by [[oxidative phosphorylation]]. From an [[anabolism|anabolic]] metabolism perspective, the NADH has a role to drive synthetic reactions, doing so by directly or indirectly reducing the pool of NADP+ in the cell to NADPH, which is another important reducing agent for biosynthetic pathways in a cell.
۴۸۸ کرښه:
{{MetabolismMap}}
{{Glycolysis enzymes}}
{{Link FA|it}}▼
[[وېشنيزه:ژونکيميا]]
Line ۴۹۴ ⟶ ۴۹۳:
[[وېشنيزه:استقلابي لارې]]
[[وېشنيزه:کاربوهايډرېټ]]
▲{{Link FA|it}}
[[ar:تحلل سكري]]
Line ۵۲۶ ⟶ ۵۲۷:
[[pl:Glikoliza]]
[[pt:Glicólise]]
[[ro:
[[ru:Гликолиз]]
[[sl:Glikoliza]]
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