ويکيپېډيا

د "بوټپوهنه" د بڼو تر مېنځ توپير

ياداښت ولټوي
→ تېر توپيربل توپير ←
Content deleted Content added
VisualWikitext
و robot Modifying: la:Botanice
فارسی سازی ارقام
۵ کرښه:
بوټپوهنه پخپله په ځان کې د بوټو په هکله ډېرې نورې زده کړې رانغاړي چې په دې کې د [[د بوټو اناتومي|بوټو جوړښت]]، د [[د سلول وده|برار او ودې]]، د [[توليد]]اتو، د [[مېټابوليزم]]، د [[مورفوجېنېسز|لويېدلو]] او د [[فيتوپېتالوژي|بوټو د ناروغيو]] په هکله زده کړې شاملې دي.
د بوټو په اړه څېړنه او پوهاوی د قبايلي چاپېريال نه راوتلی دی. ډول ډول بوټي به د څکلو سره يا خوړلو په ذريعه به په نښه او پېژندل کېدل همداو چې د زهري بوټو او درملو پېژندل به ترې کېدل. ځکه هم بوټپوهنه په ساينس کې يوه لرغوني پوهه ده .
له هاغه لرغوني وخت نه دبوټپوهنې په څېړنيز ډګر کې لا پراختيا راغلې او د 550000۵۵۰۰۰۰ شاؤخوا د بوټو خېلونه او ژواندي پکې څېړل شوي.
 
== دبوټپوهنې پرمختګ او اړمنتيا ==
۴۹ کرښه:
=== پخوانۍ بوټپوهنه (د ۱۹۴۵ زېږيز کال نه مخکې) ===
[[دوتنه:Botany.jpg|thumb|right|The traditional tools of a botanist.]]
د بوټي پوهنې د کار په لومړني پړاؤ کې شاؤخوا د 300۳۰۰ کاله مخکې ليکل شوؤ تر ټولو غټه رساله تيوفراسوس ليکلې ده. د بوټو په تاريخ کې د (هيستوريه پلانېتروم) او د (ان ده کاؤسوس اف پلانټ ) په نوم اثار ډېر زيات اهميت لري او دغه ليکي (کتابونه) د بوټي پوهنې په ډګر کې تر ټولوبنسټيزه او انتيکه اثار ګڼل کېږي ،دا په شاؤخوا 40۴۰ نه تر 60مو۶۰مو کلونو کې ليکل شوي . د روميانو طبيب ليکوال ډيوسکورېډس ډېرې اړينې يوناني او رومي درملنو معلومات او سوبوتونه پکې راټول کړي دي .
په کال 1665۱۶۶۵ کې چې لومړني خشنليد (مايکروسکوپ) کارېده نو رابېرټ هوک په لومړي ځل حجره يا سل په خولپوټي (کارک) کې وموند. ډېر لږ موده وروسته ېې بيا د بوټي په نسج (ټيشو) کې هم
وموند.
د جرمني ليونهارټ فچ، د سيويس کونراډ ونګېسنر، او د برتانيې دوه ليکوالانو نيکولاس کلپېپر او جان ګېرارډ د حربل په نوم يو ليکي کې ډېر داسې د بوټو له اړخه معلومات راټول کړي وو چې په طب کې ورنه کار اخيستل کېږي .
۵۷ کرښه:
A considerable amount of new knowledge today is being generated from studying [[model organisms|model plants]] like ''[[Arabidopsis thaliana]]''. This weedy species in the mustard family was one of the first plants to have its [[genome]] sequenced. The sequencing of the [[rice]] (''Oryza sativa'') genome and a large international research community have made [[rice]] the de facto [[cereal]]/[[grass]]/[[monocot]] model. Another grass species, [[Brachypodium distachyon]] is also emerging as an experimental model for understanding the genetic, cellular and molecular biology of temperate grasses. Other commercially important staple foods like [[wheat]], [[maize]], [[barley]], [[rye]], [[millet]] and [[soybean]] are also having their genomes sequenced. Some of these are challenging to sequence because they have more than two [[haploid]] (n) sets of [[chromosome]]s, a condition known as [[polyploid]]y, common in the plant kingdom. The "Green Yeast" ''[[Chlamydomonas reinhardtii]]'' (a single-celled, green [[alga]]) is another plant model organism that has been extensively studied and provided important insights into cell biology.
 
In 1998۱۹۹۸ the [[Angiosperm Phylogeny Group]] published a [[phylogeny]] of flowering plants based on an analysis of [[DNA]] sequences from most families of flowering plants. As a result of this work, major questions such which families represent the earliest branches in the genealogy of [[angiosperms]] are now understood. Investigating how plant species are related to each other allows botanists to better understand the process of evolution in plants.
 
== دا هم وګورۍ ==
[[دوتنه:H J N Crantz Classis cruciformium.jpg|thumb|[[Crantz]]'s ''Classis cruciformium...'', 1769۱۷۶۹]]
 
* [[د بوټو د غونډالوېشنې تاريخ]]
۱۰۵ کرښه:
== نورې لوستنې ==
=== د بوټپوهنې په هکله د Popular science ډوله کتابونه ===
* [[David Attenborough|Attenborough, David]] ''[[The Private Life of Plants]]'', ISBN 0۰-563۵۶۳-37023۳۷۰۲۳-8۸
* [[David Bellamy|Bellamy, D]] ''Bellamy on Botany'', ISBN 0۰-563۵۶۳-10666۱۰۶۶۶-2۲ an accessible and short introduction to various botanical subjects
* Capon, B: ''Botany for Gardeners'' ISBN 0۰-88192۸۸۱۹۲-655۶۵۵-8۸
* Cohen, J. ''How many people can the earth support?'' W.W. Norton 1995۱۹۹۵ ISBN 0۰-393۳۹۳-31495۳۱۴۹۵-2۲
* Halle, Francis. ''In praise of plants'' ISBN 0۰-88192۸۸۱۹۲-550۵۵۰-0۰. English translation of a poetic advocacy of plants.
* King, J. ''Reaching for the sun: How plants work'' ISBN 0۰-521۵۲۱-58738۵۸۷۳۸-7۷. A fluent introduction to how plants work.
* [[Thomas Pakenham|Pakenham, T]]: ''Remarkable Trees of the World'' ([[2002۲۰۰۲]]) ISBN 0۰-297۲۹۷-84300۸۴۳۰۰-1۱
* Pakenham, T: ''Meetings with Remarkable Trees'' ([[1996۱۹۹۶]]) ISBN 0۰-297۲۹۷-83255۸۳۲۵۵-7۷
* Pollan, M ''The Botany of Desire: A Plant's-eye View of the World'' Bloomsbury ISBN 0۰-7475۷۴۷۵-6300۶۳۰۰-4۴ Account of the [[co-evolution]] of plants and humans
* Thomas, B.A.: ''The evolution of plants and flowers'' St Martin's Press [[1981۱۹۸۱]] ISBN 0۰-312۳۱۲-27271۲۷۲۷۱-5۵
* Walker, D. ''Energy, Plants and Man'' ISBN 1۱-870232۸۷۰۲۳۲-05۰۵-4۴ A presentation of the basic concepts of photosynthesis
 
=== د بوټپوهنې په هکله اکاډميک او ساينسي کتابونه ===
* Buchanan, B.B., Gruissem, W & Jones, R.L. (2000۲۰۰۰) ''Biochemistry & molecular biology of plants''. American Society of Plant Physiologists ISBN 0۰-943088۹۴۳۰۸۸-39۳۹-9۹
* Crawford, R. M. M. (1989۱۹۸۹). ''Studies in plant survival''. Blackwell. ISBN 0۰-632۶۳۲-01475۰۱۴۷۵-X
* Crawley, M. J. (1997۱۹۹۷). ''Plant ecology''. Blackwell Scientific. ISBN 0۰-632۶۳۲-03639۰۳۶۳۹-7۷
* Ennos, R and Sheffield, E ''Plant life'', Blackwell Science, ISBN 0۰-86542۸۶۵۴۲-737۷۳۷-2۲ Introduction to plant [[biodiversity]]
* Fitter, A & Hay, R ''Environmental physiology of plants'' 3rd۳rd edition Sept 2001۲۰۰۱ Harcourt Publishers, Academic Press ISBN 0۰-12۱۲-257766۲۵۷۷۶۶-3۳
* Lambers, H., Chapin, F.S. III and Pons, T.L. 1998۱۹۹۸. Plant Physiological Ecology. Springer-Verlag, New York. ISBN 0۰-387۳۸۷-98326۹۸۳۲۶-0۰
* Lawlor, D.W. (2000۲۰۰۰) ''Photosynthesis'' BIOS ISBN 1۱-85996۸۵۹۹۶-157۱۵۷-6۶
* Matthews, R. E. F. ''Fundamentals of plant virology'' Academic Press,1992۱۹۹۲.
* Mauseth, J.D.: ''Botany : an introduction to plant biology''. Jones and Bartlett Publishers, ISBN 0۰-7637۷۶۳۷-2134۲۱۳۴-4۴, A first year undergraduate level textbook
* Morton, A.G. (1981۱۹۸۱). ''History of Botanical Science.''Academic Press, London. ISBN 0۰-12۱۲-508380۵۰۸۳۸۰-7۷ (hardback)
ISBN 0۰-12۱۲-508382۵۰۸۳۸۲-3۳ (paperback)
* Raven, P.H, Evert R.H and Eichhorn, S.E: ''Biology of Plants'', Freeman. ISBN 1۱-57259۵۷۲۵۹-041۰۴۱-6۶, A first year undergraduate level textbook
* Richards, P. W. (1996۱۹۹۶). ''The tropical rainforest''. 2nd۲nd ed. C.U.P. (Pbk) ISBN 0۰-521۵۲۱-42194۴۲۱۹۴-2۲ £32.50۳۲٫۵۰
* Ridge, I. (2002۲۰۰۲) ''Plants'' [[Oxford University Press]] ISBN 0۰-19۱۹-925548۹۲۵۵۴۸-2۲
* Salisbury, FB and Ross, CW: ''[[Plant physiology]]'' Wadsworth publishing company ISBN 0۰-534۵۳۴-15162۱۵۱۶۲-0۰
* Stace, C. A. ''A new [[Flora (plants)|flora]] of the British Isles''. 2nd۲nd ed. C.U.P.,1997۱۹۹۷. ISBN 0۰-521۵۲۱-58935۵۸۹۳۵-5۵
* Strange, R. L. ''Introduction to [[plant pathology]]''. Wiley-VCH, 2003۲۰۰۳. ISBN 0۰-470۴۷۰-84973۸۴۹۷۳-8۸
* Taiz, L. & Zeiger, E. (1998۱۹۹۸). ''Plant physiology''. 3rd۳rd ed. August 2002۲۰۰۲ Sinauer Associates. ISBN 0۰-87893۸۷۸۹۳-823۸۲۳-0۰
* Walter, H. (1985۱۹۸۵). ''[[Vegetation]] of the earth''. 3rd۳rd rev. ed. Springer.
* Willis, K (2002۲۰۰۲) ''The evolution of plants'' Oxford University Press ISBN 0۰-19۱۹-850065۸۵۰۰۶۵-3۳ £22۲۲-99۹۹
 
== باندنۍ تړنې ==
۱۴۴ کرښه:
 
*[http://huntbot.andrew.cmu.edu د Hunt د بوټانيکو لاسوندونو انسټېټيوت]
*[http://www.antiquebooks.net/readpage.html#torner Torner Watercolors c. 1700۱۷۰۰, from Mexican Expedition. All 2000۲۰۰۰+ Watercolors for free viewing Courtesy the Hunt Institute and the Universal Library at Carnegie-Mellon University]
*[http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/P/PlantGrowth.html plant growth] and [http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/P/PlantCell.html the plant cell] from [http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/ Kimball's Biology Pages]
*[http://www.biologynews.info/ Biology News Headlines],
۱۵۷ کرښه:
* [http://wikisource.org/wiki/NVC-National_Vegetation_Classification%2C_UK_representative_plant_species List of major natural Plant Species in the UK, described in the National Vegetation Classification]
* [http://www.kulak.ac.be/bioweb/ High quality pictures of plants and information about them] from Catholic University of Leuven
* [http://fax.libs.uga.edu/QK1xC981/ Curtis's Botanical Magazine], 1790۱۷۹۰-1856۱۸۵۶
* [http://fax.libs.uga.edu/QK488xE4/ The Trees Of Great Britain and Ireland], by Henry John Elwes & Augustine Henry, 1906۱۹۰۶-1913۱۹۱۳
* [http://www.pflanzen-portal.com Botanik-Datenbank] (ger.)
* [http://green-24.de/search/botanik/pflanzen/index.html Plant Directory] (ger.)
"https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/بوټپوهنه" نه اخيستل شوی