د "وينه" د بڼو تر مېنځ توپير

[[انځور:Blood smear.jpg|350px|thumb|left|انساني وينه: a - [[ارېتروسايټ]]؛ b - [[نيوټروفيل]]؛ c - [[اېزونوفيل]]؛ d - [[ليمفوسايټ]].]]

'''وينه''' يوه ډېره ځانګړې اکرنۍ (دوراني) نسج دی چې په خپل ځان کې بېلابېل نور سلولونه لري، همدا سلولونه بيا په يو ډول اوبلن چاپېريال کې بهېږي او د دغه اوبلن چاپېريال نوم پلازما دی چې کله ناکله د وينې پلازما په نامه هم يادېږي. د وينې په سلولي توکو کې د وينې سره توکي کوم چې د ساباسونکي ګازونو لېږد رالېږد دنده لري، سربېره پر دې همدا سره توکي د وينې د سور رنګ اصلي لاملونه دي دا ځکه چې سره توکي د هېموګلوبين نه جوړ شوي او هېموګلوبين يو ډول وسپنه لرونکی پروټيني تړنګتوکی (مرکب) دی چې د په دې مرکب کې آکسيجن د وسپنې د عنصرونو سره تړلی وي. آکسيجن بيا ټول بدن ته د انرژي د جوړولو په پروسه کې اړين عنصر بلل کېږي. د وينې نور سلولي توکو کې سپين توکي هم راځي، دغو توکو ته په طبي ژبه کې [[ليوکوسايټ]]ونه يا ليوکوسايټز هم وايي. ددغو توکو دنده د ناروغيو او نورو مکروبونو پر وړاندې د بدن ژغورنه ده. د وينې درېيمګړي واړه توکي پلېټلېټز سلولونه دي. ددغه ډول توکو دنده د وينې غوټه کېدنه ده او دا بيا په بدن کې د ټپونو د رغېدلو په پروسه کې ګټورې کړنې ترسره کوي.

په طبي ژبه کې د هېمو '''''hemo-''''' او يا هېماټو '''''hemato-''''' ( برتانيوي انګليسي کې ''haemo-'' او ''haemato-'') د يوناني ژبې وييکې "''haima''"، چې د "وينه" مانا لري، نه راوتلي او همدا نومونه په طبي لاروچارو کې هم کارېږي. د اناتومي له مخې وينه يوه تړونکی ووب يا [[connective tissue]]، بلل کېږي او دا هم د وينې د کړنو پخاطر او په هډوکو کې د وينې د سرچينې پخاطر.

 

 

* ووبونو ته د [[آکسيجن]] رسول (آکسيجن [[هېموګلوبين]] پورې ځان نښلوي او هېموګلوبين د وينې په سره توکي کې وي)

Whole blood (plasma and cells) exhibits [[non-Newtonian fluid]] dynamics; its flow properties are adapted to flow effectively through tiny capillary blood vessels with less resistance than plasma by itself. In addition, if all human hemoglobin were free in the plasma rather than being contained in RBCs, the circulatory fluid would be too viscous for the cardiovascular system to function effectively.

 

{{See|د وينې بشپړ شمېر}}

 

په يوه مايکروليتر وينه کې دا ډول سلولونه موندل کېږي:

|url = http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003644.htm#Normal%20Values

|title = Medical Encyclopedia: RBC count|publisher = Medline Plus|dateformat = dmy|accessdate = ۱۸ November ۲۰۰۷

}}</ref> په تيورؤ ژويو کې د وينې سره سلولونه هستې يا نيوکليس او نور اورګانېلز نه لري. د داسې ژونديو د وينې سره توکي يواځې هېموګلوبين باندې سمبال دي چې سلولونو ته آکسيجن ور رسوي. د وينې سره سلولونه (د اېنډوتېليل د رګونو او نور ډول سلولونو سره يو ځای) ګلايکوپروټينونه هم لري چې د وينې د ډولونو په مشخص کولو کې اهم توکي ګڼل کېږي. د وينې هغه تناسب چې د سره کروياتو برخه جوړوي د هېماتوکريت په نامه يادېږي، او په نورمال حالت کې دا د وينې ۴۵٪ برخه جوړوي. که د وينې د ټولو سره کروياتو د سطحې مساحت څوک سره يو ځای په پام کې ونيسي، نو دا مساحت به څه نا څه ۲٬۰۰۰ ځله د بدن د باندنۍ سطحې نه ډېر وي.<ref>Martini, Frederic, et al (۲۰۰۶). ''Human Anatomy.'' ۵th ed. Page ۵۲۹. San Francisco, California: Pearson Education, Inc. ISBN ۰-۸۰۵۳-۷۲۱۱-۳</ref>

 

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| [[هېماتوکريت]] ||

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| [[base excess]] || -۳ to +۳

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| په وينه کې منحل آکسيجن ||

بې آکسيجنه وينه: ۷۵٪

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نور اهم توکي په دې توګه دي:

The term '''serum''' refers to plasma from which the clotting proteins have been removed. Most of the proteins remaining are albumin and [[antibody|immunoglobulins]].

 

 

The normal [[pH]] of human arterial blood is approximately ۷٫۴۰ (normal range is ۷٫۳۵-۷٫۴۵), a weak alkaline solution. Blood that has a pH below ۷٫۳۵ is [[acidic]], while blood pH above ۷٫۴۵ is [[alkaline]]. Blood pH along with arterial carbon dioxide tension (PaCO_۲) and [[Bicarbonate|HCO_۳]] readings are helpful in determining the acid-base balance of the body. The [[respiratory system]] and [[urinary system]] normally control the acid-base balance of blood as part of [[homeostasis]]. Blood is about ۷٪ of the human body weight,<ref>[http://www.bloodcenters.org/aboutblood/bloodfacts.htm Bloodcenters.org]</ref> so the average adult has a blood volume of about ۵ [[litre]]s, of which ۲٫۷-۳ litres is plasma. Human blood density is around ۱۰۶۰ kg/m³.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://hypertextbook.com/facts/2004/MichaelShmukler.shtml | title = Density of Blood | accessdate = ۲۰۰۶-۱۰-۰۴ | year = ۲۰۰۴ | publisher = [http://hypertextbook.com/facts/ The Physics Factbook] }}</ref> The combined surface area of all the red cells in the human body would be roughly ۲٬۰۰۰ times as great as the body's exterior surface.{{fact}}

 

The cells are:

 

[[Blood plasma]] is essentially an [[water|aqueous]] solution containing ۹۲٪ water, ۸٪ blood plasma [[protein]]s, and trace amounts of other materials. Some components are:

The term ''serum'' refers to plasma from which the clotting proteins have been removed. Most of the protein remaining is albumin and [[antibody|immunoglobulins]].

 

د وينې سلولونه د هډوکي په مېنځ کې جوړېږي، چې د بون مېرو يا د هډوکي مغز په نامه يادېږي. د وينې جوړېدنې دغه پروسې ته هېماټوپويسز يا وينه جوړېدنه وايي. د وينې پروټيني توکي (چې په دې کې غوټه کېدونکي پروټينونه هم دي) په زيات شمېر کې په ځيګر کې توليدېږي، خو هورمونونه بيا په اينډوکرايني مرغړيو کې توليدېږي چې په وينه کې د بهېدو کچه يې د هايپوتالاموس لخوا کنټرولېږي. د وينې د اوبلنوالي ځانتيا هم د هايپوتالاموس لخوا اداره کېږي چې د پښتورګو او هضمي غونډالونو لخوا پرې وړ کړنې ترسره کېږي.

 

د وينې سلولونه په توري کې او د ځيګر په کوپفر سلولونو کې خپل تنزلي پړاو پوره کوي. ځيګر د ځينو پروټينونو، حشمياتو او امينو اسيدونو د چاڼولو دنده هم لري. پښتورګي بيا په فعاله توګه فضله مواد د ميتيازو له لارې د بدن نه ليرې کوي. د ايرېتروسايټو يا د وينې د سره توکو عمر اکثراً ۱۲۰ ورځې وي چې په سيستماتيک ډول نوي ايرېتروسايټونه چې د هېماټوپويسز د پروسې له مخې جوړېږي، د زړو ايرېتروسايټونو ځای نيسي .

 

See [[Oxygen transportation]].

 

Substances other than oxygen can bind to the hemoglobin; in some cases this can cause irreversible damage to the body. [[Carbon monoxide]] for example is extremely dangerous when absorbed into the blood. When combined with the hemoglobin, it irreversibly makes [[carboxyhemoglobin]] which reduces the volume of oxygen that can be carried in the blood. This can very quickly cause suffocation, as oxygen is vital to many organisms (including humans). This damage can occur when smoking a [[cigarette]] (or similar item) or in event of a fire. Thus carbon monoxide is considered far more dangerous than the actual fire itself because it reduces the oxygen carrying content of the blood.

 

د غوماشو وينې ته [[هېمولېمف]] وايي او تيورو ژويو ته ناورته په غوماشو کې وينه د آکسيجن په لېږدېدنه کې هېڅ رول نه لري. په دغو کې ژوندي مخلوق کې يو ډول پرانيستې برخه ده چې د [[ټراکيا]] يا کرنکې په نامه يادېږي. په دغه کرنکه کې د هوا نه په سيخه توګه آکسيجن ورننوځي چې بيا همدا آکسيجن راساً د هغوی ووبونو (انساج) ته د ډفيوژن د کړنې په مرسته ورځي. خو د غوماشو وينه ووبونو ته يواځې د خوړنتوکو د رسولو او د غونډال نه د بېکاره فضله موادو په وېستلو کې مرسته کوي.

 

In some small [[invertebrate]]s like [[insects]], oxygen is simply dissolved in the plasma. Larger animals use respiratory proteins to increase the oxygen carrying capacity. Hemoglobin is the most common respiratory protein found in nature. [[Hemocyanin]] ([[blue]]) contains [[copper]] and is found in [[crustacean]]s and [[mollusk]]s. It is thought that [[tunicate]]s (sea squirts) might use [[vanabins]] ([[protein]]s containing [[vanadium]]) for respiratory pigment (bright [[green]], blue, or [[orange (colour)|orange]]).

 

In many invertebrates, these oxygen-carrying proteins are freely soluble in the blood; in vertebrates they are contained in specialized [[red blood cell]]s, allowing for a higher concentration of respiratory pigments without increasing [[viscosity]] or damaging blood filtering organs like the [[kidneys]].

 

[[Giant tube worms]] have extraordinary hemoglobins that allow them to live in extraordinary environments. These hemoglobins also carry sulfides normally fatal in other animals.

 

When systemic arterial blood flows through capillaries, carbon dioxide diffuses from the tissues into the blood. Some carbon dioxide is dissolved in the blood. Some carbon dioxide reacts with hemoglobin and other proteins to form [[carbamino]] compounds. The remaining carbon dioxide is converted to [[bicarbonate]] and [[hydrogen ion]]s through the action of RBC [[carbonic anhydrase]]. Most carbon dioxide is transported through the blood in the form of bicarbonate ions.

 

Some oxyhemoglobin loses oxygen and becomes deoxyhemoglobin. Deoxyhemoglobin has a much greater affinity for H+ than does oxyhemoglobin so it binds most of the hydrogen ions.

 

In humans and other hemoglobin-using creatures, oxygenated blood is bright red. This is due to oxygenated iron in the red blood cells. Deoxygenated blood is a darker shade of red, which can be seen during blood donation and when venous blood samples are taken. However, due to an optical effect caused by the way in which light penetrates through the skin, veins typically appear blue in color. This has led to a common misconception that venous blood is blue before it is exposed to air. Another reason for this misconception is that medical charts always show venous blood as blue in order to distinguish it from arterial blood which is depicted as red on the same chart.

 

The blood of [[horseshoe crab]]s is blue, which is a result of its high content in copper-based hemocyanin instead of the iron-based hemoglobin found, for example, in humans.

 

In mammals the restriction of blood flow is commonly used as a temporary provision of force, as in an [[erection]].

 

[[Hippocrates|Hippocratic]] medicine considered blood one of the [[four humors]] (together with [[phlegm]], [[yellow bile]] and [[black bile]]). As many diseases were thought to be due to an excess of blood, [[bloodletting]] and [[leeching]] were a common intervention until the [[19th century]] (it is still used for some rare blood disorders).

 

In classical Greek medicine, blood was associated with air, springtime, and with a merry and gluttonous (''sanguine'') personality. It was also believed to be produced exclusively by the [[liver]].

 

[[Blood pressure]] and [[blood test]]s are amongst the most commonly performed diagnostic investigations that directly concern the blood.

 

{{seealso|Blood diseases}}

 

* Bacterial infection of the blood is [[bacteremia]] or [[sepsis]]. Viral Infection is viremia. [[Malaria]] and [[trypanosomiasis]] are blood-borne parasitic infections.

 

[[Blood transfusion]] is the most direct therapeutic use of blood. It is obtained from human donors by [[blood donation]]. As there are different [[blood type]]s, and transfusion of the incorrect blood may cause severe complications, [[crossmatching]] is done to ascertain the correct type is transfused.

 

It is the fluid part of the blood that saves lives where severe blood loss occurs, other preparations can be given such as ringers atopical plasma volume expander as a non-blood alternative, and these alternatives where used are rivalling blood use where used.

 

Due to its importance to life, blood is associated with a large number of beliefs. One of the most basic is the use of blood as a symbol for family relationships; to be "related by blood" is to be related by ancestry or descendance, rather than marriage. This bears closely to [[bloodline]]s, and sayings such as "blood is thicker than water" and "bad blood", as well as "[[Blood brother]]". Blood is given particular emphasis in the Jewish and Christian religions because ([[Leviticus]] 17:11) says "the life of a creature is in the blood."

 

The differences in sugars and protein sequences sets human blood apart from animal blood and this has been used as an argument for creation in religious circles.

 

Among the [[Germanic tribe]]s (such as the [[Anglo-Saxons]] and the [[Viking]]s), blood was used during the sacrifices, the ''[[Blót]]s''. The blood was considered to have the power of its originator and after the butchering the blood was sprinkled on the walls, on the statues of the gods and on the participants themselves. This act of sprinkling blood was called ''bleodsian'' in [[Old English language|Old English]] and the terminology was borrowed by the [[Roman Catholic Church]] becoming ''to bless'' and ''blessing''. The [[Hittite language|Hittite]] word for blood, ''ishar'' was a cognate to words for "oath" and "bond", see [[Ishara]].

The [[Ancient Greece|Ancient Greeks]] believed that the blood of the Gods, ''[[ichor]]'', was a mineral that was poisonous to mortals.

 

In [[Judaism]], blood cannot be consumed even in the smallest quantity ([[Leviticus]] 3:17 and elsewhere); this is reflected in Jewish [[diet (nutrition)|dietary]] laws ([[Kashrut]]). Blood is purged from [[meat]] by [[salting (food)|salting]] and soaking in water.

 

Ironically, [[Judaism]] has historically been the religion to be most affected by [[blood libel]]s.

 

{{main|Eucharist}}

Some Christian churches, including [[Roman Catholic Church|Roman Catholicism]], [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Eastern Orthodoxy]], branches of [[Anglicanism]], and the [[Moravians (religion)|Moravian Church]], teach that when consecrated the [[Eucharist]] [[wine]] ''becomes'' the material Blood of [[Jesus]]. Thus in the consecrated wine (now the Most Precious Blood of Christ), Jesus becomes spiritually and physically present. This teaching is rooted in [[the Last Supper]] as written in the four gospels of the [[Bible]], in which Jesus stated to his [[Twelve Apostles|disciples]] that the bread which they ate was his body, and the wine was his blood. ''"This cup is the new testament in my blood, which is shed for you." ({{sourcetext|source=Bible|version=King James|book=Luke |chapter=22|verse=20}})''. Various forms of Protestantism, especially those of a Wesleyan or Presbyterian lineage, teach that the wine is no more than a symbol of the blood of Christ, who is not physically but spiritually present. Blood (the blood of Jesus Christ) is also seen as the means for atonement for sins for Christians. [[Lutheran]] theology teaches that the body and blood is present together "in, with, and under" the bread and wine of the eucharist feast.

[[Mormons]] believe that before [[Adam]] and [[Eve (Bible)|Eve]] ate the forbidden fruit, blood was not present in their bodies. It is said to have formed after the Fall when they became mortal.

 

د اسلامي حکمونو له مخې د هغو خواړو چې په ځان کې وينه لري حرام ګڼل کېږي.

 

{{main|Jehovah's Witnesses and blood}}

 

[[Jehovah's Witnesses]] do not eat blood or accept tranfusions of whole blood or its four major components namely, red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets (thrombocytes), and whole plasma. Members are instructed to personally decide whether or not to accept fractions, and medical procedures that involve their own blood.

 

[[Vampire]]s are mythological beings which live forever by drinking the blood of the living. Stories of creatures of this kind are known all over the world. European versions of this myth are mostly inspired by folklore based on the stories regarding [[Vlad Dracula]].{{fact}}

 

In Chinese culture, it is often said that if a man's nose produces a small flow of blood, this signifies that he is experiencing sexual desire. This often appears in [[China|Chinese-language]] and [[Hong Kong]] [[film]]s.

This is also evident in [[Japan]]ese culture and is parodied in [[anime]] and [[manga]]. Male characters will often be shown with a [[nosebleed]] if they have just seen a female [[nude]] or in little clothing, or if they have had an erotic thought or fantasy.{{fact}}

 

Blood is one of the body fluids that has been used in art.<ref>[http://artscad.com/A.nsf/Opra/SRVV-6MDNX5 "Nostalgia"] Artwork in blood</ref> In particular, the performances of [[Viennese Actionism|Viennese Actionist]] [[Hermann Nitsch]], [[Franko B]], [[Lennie Lee]], [[Ron Athey]], [[Yang Zhichao]] and [[Kira O' Reilly]] along with the photography of [[Andres Serrano]], have incorporated blood as a prominent visual element. [[Marc Quinn]] has made sculptures using frozen blood, including a cast of his own head made using his own blood.

 

* [[Artificial blood]]

* [[د انساني وينې د توکو لړليک]]

* [[Taboo food and drink#Blood]]

 

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