د "سمبالښت" د بڼو تر مېنځ توپير
Content deleted Content added
د سمون لنډیز نسته |
و robot Adding: en:Management; cosmetic changes |
||
۱۶ کرښه:
=== Theoretical scope ===
[[Mary Parker Follett]] (1868–1933), who wrote on the topic in the early twentieth century, defined management as "the art of getting things done through people".
''Vocational Business: Training, Developing and Motivating People'' by Richard Barrett - Business & Economics - 2003. - Page 51.
</ref>
۴۴ کرښه:
== Historical development ==
Difficulties arise in tracing the history of management. Some see it (by definition) as a late modern (in the sense of late [[modernity]]) conceptualization. On those terms it cannot have a pre-modern history, only harbingers (such as [[Steward (office)|stewards]]). Others, however, detect management-like-thought back to [[Sumeria]]n traders and to the builders of the pyramids of [[ancient Egypt]]. Slave-owners through the centuries faced the problems of exploiting/motivating a dependent but sometimes unenthusiastic or recalcitrant workforce, but many pre-industrial [[business|enterprises]], given their small scale, did not feel compelled to face the issues of management systematically. However, innovations such as the spread of [[Arabic numerals]] (5th to 15th centuries) and the codification of [[Double-entry bookkeeping system|double-entry book-keeping]] (1494) provided [[management tool|
Given the scale of most commercial operations and the lack of mechanized record-keeping and recording before the [[industrial revolution]], it made sense for most [[ownership|
===Early writing===
۱۱۵ کرښه:
In the 21st century observers find it increasingly difficult to subdivide management into functional categories in this way. More and more processes simultaneously involve several categories. Instead, one tends to think in terms of the various processes, tasks, and objects subject to management.
Branches of management theory also exist relating to [[Non-profit organization|
Note that many of the assumptions made by management have come under attack from [[business ethics]] viewpoints, [[critical management studies]], and [[anti-corporate activism]].
۱۶۲ کرښه:
# [[Senior management]] (or "top management" or "upper management")
# [[Middle management]]
# Low-level management, such as [[supervisor]]s or [[team leader|
# Foreman
# Rank and File
۳۴۵ کرښه:
{{Social sciences-footer}}
[[
[[
[[ar:إدارة]]
[[as:ব্যৱস্থাপনা]]
[[az:Menecment]]
[[bn:ব্যবস্থাপনা]]▼
[[be-x-old:Мэнэджмэнт]]▼
[[bar:Gschäftsleitung]]
[[bat-smg:Vadība]]▼
▲[[be-x-old:Мэнэджмэнт]]
▲[[bn:ব্যবস্থাপনা]]
[[bs:Menadžment]]
[[cs:Management]]
Line ۳۵۹ ⟶ ۳۶۰:
[[de:Unternehmensführung]]
[[el:Διοίκηση]]
[[en:Management]]
[[es:Administración]]
[[fa:مدیریت]]
[[fr:Management]]
[[fy:Bestjoer]]
[[
[[hi:प्रबन्धन]]
[[hr:Menadžment]]
[[id:Manajemen]]
[[it:Direzione aziendale]]
[[
[[ka:მენეჯმენტი]]
[[ko:경영]]
[[ky:Менеджмент]]
[[lt:Vadyba]]
Line ۳۷۵ ⟶ ۳۷۸:
[[mn:Менежмент]]
[[nl:Management]]
[[no:Ledelse]]
[[pl:Zarządzanie]]
[[ro:Management]]
[[ru:Менеджмент]]
[[
[[sk:Plánovanie]]
[[sl:Menedžment]]
[[sq:Menaxhmenti]]
[[sr:Руковођење]]
[[tl:Pamamahala]]▼
[[ta:முகாமைத்துவம்]]
[[th:การจัดการ]]
▲[[tl:Pamamahala]]
[[tr:İşletme]]
[[uk:Менеджмент]]
[[yi:פירערשאפט]]
▲[[bat-smg:Vadība]]
[[zh:管理学]]
|