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و robot Adding: en:Management; cosmetic changes
۱۶ کرښه:
 
=== Theoretical scope ===
[[Mary Parker Follett]] (1868–1933), who wrote on the topic in the early twentieth century, defined management as "the art of getting things done through people". She also described management as philosophy.<ref>
''Vocational Business: Training, Developing and Motivating People'' by Richard Barrett - Business & Economics - 2003. - Page 51.
</ref>
۴۴ کرښه:
 
== Historical development ==
Difficulties arise in tracing the history of management. Some see it (by definition) as a late modern (in the sense of late [[modernity]]) conceptualization. On those terms it cannot have a pre-modern history, only harbingers (such as [[Steward (office)|stewards]]). Others, however, detect management-like-thought back to [[Sumeria]]n traders and to the builders of the pyramids of [[ancient Egypt]]. Slave-owners through the centuries faced the problems of exploiting/motivating a dependent but sometimes unenthusiastic or recalcitrant workforce, but many pre-industrial [[business|enterprises]], given their small scale, did not feel compelled to face the issues of management systematically. However, innovations such as the spread of [[Arabic numerals]] (5th to 15th centuries) and the codification of [[Double-entry bookkeeping system|double-entry book-keeping]] (1494) provided [[management tool|tooltools]]s for management assessment, planning and control.
 
Given the scale of most commercial operations and the lack of mechanized record-keeping and recording before the [[industrial revolution]], it made sense for most [[ownership|ownerowners]]s of enterprises in those times to carry out management functions by and for themselves. But with growing size and complexity of organizations, the split between owners (individuals, industrial dynasties or groups of [[shareholder]]s) and day-to-day managers (independent specialists in planning and control) gradually became more common.
 
===Early writing===
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In the 21st century observers find it increasingly difficult to subdivide management into functional categories in this way. More and more processes simultaneously involve several categories. Instead, one tends to think in terms of the various processes, tasks, and objects subject to management.
 
Branches of management theory also exist relating to [[Non-profit organization|nonprofitnonprofits]]s and to government: such as [[public administration]], [[public management]], and educational management. Further, management programs related to [[civil society|civil-society]] organizations have also spawned programs in [[nonprofit management]] and [[social entrepreneurship]].
 
Note that many of the assumptions made by management have come under attack from [[business ethics]] viewpoints, [[critical management studies]], and [[anti-corporate activism]].
۱۶۲ کرښه:
# [[Senior management]] (or "top management" or "upper management")
# [[Middle management]]
# Low-level management, such as [[supervisor]]s or [[team leader| team-leaderleaders]]s
# Foreman
# Rank and File
۳۴۵ کرښه:
{{Social sciences-footer}}
 
[[Categoryوېشنيزه:Management occupations| ]]
[[Categoryوېشنيزه:Management| ]]
 
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