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'''Tourism''' is the act of [[travel]] for predominantly [[recreation]]al or [[leisure]] purposes, and also refers to the provision of services in support of this act. According to the [[World Tourism Organization]], '''tourists''' are people who "travel to and stay in places outside their usual environment for not more than one consecutive year for leisure, business and other purposes not related to the exercise of an activity remunerated from within the place visited".

 

The terms ''tourism'' and ''travel'' are sometimes used interchangeably. In this context travel has a similar definition to tourism, but implies a more purposeful journey. The terms ''tourism'' and ''tourist'' are sometimes used pejoratively to imply a shallow interest in the cultures or locations visited by tourists.

 

One of the earliest definitions of tourism was provided by the Austrian economist [[Hermann Von Schullard]] in [[1910]], who defined it as, "sum total of operators, mainly of an economic nature, which directly relate to the entry, stay and movement of foreigners inside and outside a certain country, city or a region."

 

In [[1981]] [[AIEST|International Association of Scientific Experts in Tourism]] defined Tourism in terms of particular activities selected by choice and undertaken outside the home environment.

 

United Nations classified 3 forms of tourism in 1994 in its Recommendations on Tourism Statistics as follows:

# International tourism, which consists of inbound tourism and outbound tourism.

 

Intrabound tourism is a new academic terminology coined by the [[Korea tourism organization]] and widely accepted in Korea. Intrabound tourism differs from ‘domestic tourism’ in that the former is more dynamic and comprehensive, encompassing policy-making and implementation of national tourism policies in consideration of the tourism ecosystem consisting of inbound, outbound and intrabound tourism.

 

Examples of such policies are “See America,” “Getting Going Canada,” and “See Korea Campaign”. Taking a Korean case as an example, Korea Tourism Organization has recently launched a nation-wide campaign to promote introbound bourism, named “Guseok Guseok, literally meaning corner to corner..

 

Before people are able to experience tourism they usually need at least:

 

== پيښليك ==

 

 

Wealthy people have always travelled to distant parts of the world to see great buildings or other works of art, to [[multilingualism|learn new languages]], to experience new cultures, or to taste new [[cuisine]]. As long ago as the time of the [[Roman Republic]] places such as [[Baiae]] were popular coastal resorts for the rich.

The terms ''tourist'' and ''tourism'' were first used as official terms in [[1937]] by the [[League of Nations]]. Tourism was defined as people travelling abroad for periods of over 24 hours.

 

 

 

The history of European tourism can perhaps be said to originate with the medieval [[pilgrimage]]. Although undertaken primarily for religious reasons, the pilgrims in the [[Canterbury Tales]] quite clearly saw the experience as a kind of [[holiday]] (the term itself being derived from the 'holy day' and its associated leisure activities). Pilgrimages created a variety of tourist aspects that still exist - bringing back souvenirs, obtaining credit with foreign banks (in medieval times utilising international networks established by Jews and Lombards), and making use of space available on existing forms of transport (such as the use of medieval English wine ships bound for Vigo by pilgrims to Santiago De Compostela). Pilgrimages are still important in modern tourism - such as to [[Lourdes]] or [[Knock]] in Ireland. But there are modern equivalents - [[Graceland]] and the grave of [[Jim Morrison]] in [[Père Lachaise Cemetery]].

During the seventeenth century, it became fashionable in England to undertake a [[Grand Tour]]. The sons of the [[nobility]] and [[gentry]] were sent upon an extended tour of Europe as an educational experience. The eighteenth century was the golden age of the Grand Tour, and many of the fashionable visitors were painted at Rome by [[Pompeo Batoni]]. A modern equivalent of the Grand Tour is the phenomenon of the [[backpacker]], although cultural holidays, such as those offered by Swann-Hellenic, are also important.

 

 

It could be argued that Britain was the home of the seaside holiday. In travelling to the coast, the population was following in the steps of Royalty. [[George III of Great Britain|King George III]] made regular visits to [[Weymouth, Dorset|Weymouth]] when in poor health. At the time, a number of doctors argued the benefits of bathing in sea water, and sea bathing as a widespread practice was popularised by the [[Prince Regent]] (later [[George IV]]), who frequented [[Brighton]] for this purpose.

 

 

 

The British origin of this new industry is reflected in many place names. At [[Nice]], one of the first and best-established holiday resorts on the [[French Riviera]], the long esplanade along the seafront is known to this day as the ''Promenade des Anglais''; in many other historic resorts in [[continental Europe]], old well-established palace hotels have names like the ''Hotel Bristol'', the ''Hotel Carlton'' or the ''Hotel Majestic'' - reflecting the dominance of [[England|English]] customers.

 

[[Winter sport]]s were largely invented by the British leisured classes, initially at the [[Switzerland|Swiss]] village of [[Zermatt]] ([[Valais]]), and [[St Moritz]] in [[1864]]. The first [[Henry Simpson Lunn|packaged winter sports holidays]] took place in [[1902]] at [[Adelboden]], Switzerland. Winter sports were a natural answer for a leisured class looking for amusement during the coldest season.

 

Organized sport was well established in Britain before it reached other countries. The vocabulary of sport bears witness to this: [[Rugby football|rugby]], [[football (soccer)|football]], and [[boxing]] all originated in Britain, and even [[tennis]], originally a French sport, was formalized and codified by the British, who hosted the first national championship in the nineteenth century, at [[Wimbledon championships|Wimbledon]].

 

'''Mass travel''' could only develop with two crucial features:

 

# greater numbers of people began to enjoy the benefits of leisure time.

 

 

The pioneer of modern mass tourism was [[Thomas Cook]] who, on [[5 July]] [[1841]], organized the first [[package tour]] in history. He arranged for the [[Midland Counties Railway|rail company]] to charge one [[shilling]] per person for a group of 570 [[Temperance (virtue)|temperance]] campaigners from [[Leicester]] to a rally in [[Loughborough]], eleven miles away. Cook was paid a share of the fares actually charged to the passengers, as the railway tickets, being legal contracts between company and passenger, could not have been issued at his own price. There had been railway excursions before, but this one included entrance to an entertainment held in private grounds, rail tickets and food for the train journey. Cook immediately saw the potential of a convenient 'off the peg' holiday product in which everything was included in one cost. He organised packages inclusive of accommodation for the [[Great Exhibition]], and afterwards pioneered [[package holiday]]s in both Britain (particularly in Scotland) and on the European continent (where Paris and the Alps were the most popular destinations).

* 11 million by [[1939]] (30% of the population in families with paid holidays)

 

 

Increasing speed on railways meant that the tourist industry could develop internationally.

To this may be added the development of sea travel. By [[1901]], the number of people crossing the [[English Channel]] from England to [[France]] or [[Belgium]] had passed 0.5 million per year. Shipping companies were anxious to fill cabin space that was under utilised. For example, [[Peninsular and Oriental Steam Navigation Company|P&O]] found that the majority of their passengers for India and the Far East joined the ship at Marseilles. Consequently, they marketed holidays based upon sea trips from London to Lisbon and Gibraltar. Other companies diverted their older ships to operate [[cruises]] in the summer months.

 

 

However, the real age of international mass travel began with the growth of air travel after World War Two. In the immediate post-war period, there was a surplus of transport aircraft, such as the popular and reliable [[Douglas Dakota]], and a number of ex military pilots ready to fly them. They were available for [[charter flights]], and tour operators began to use them for European destinations, such as Paris and Ostend.

 

== Recent developments ==

There has been a discernible upmarket trend in tourism over the last few decades, especially in Europe where international travel for short breaks is commonplace. Tourists have higher levels of disposable income and greater leisure time. They are also better educated and have more sophisticated tastes. There is now a demand for a better quality product in many quarters. This has resulted in the following trends:-

* The old 'sun, sea, and sand' mass market has fragmented. People want more specialised versions of it, such as 'Club 18 -30', quieter resorts with select hotels, self-catering, etc.

On December 26, 2004 a tsunami, caused by the [[2004 Indian Ocean earthquake]] hit Asian countries bordering the Indian Ocean, and also the Maldives. Tens of thousands of lives were lost, and many tourists died. This, together with the vast clean-up operation in place, has stopped or severely hampered tourism to the area.

 

For the past few decades other forms of tourism, also known as '''niche tourism''', have been becoming more popular, particularly:

* ''[[Adventure tourism]]'': tourism involving travel in rugged regions, or adventurous sports such as [[mountaineering]] and [[hiking]] ([[tramping]]).

* ''[[Ecotourism]]'': sustainable tourism which has minimal impact on the environment, such as [[safari]]s ([[Kenya]]), [[Rainforests]] ([[Belize]]) and [[hiking]] ([[Lapland]]), or [[national park]]s.

* ''Educational tourism'': may involve travelling to an education institution, a wooded retreat or some other destination in order to take personal-interest classes, such as cooking classes with a famous chef or crafts classes.

* ''[[Gambling tourism]]'', e.g. to [[Atlantic City, New Jersey|Atlantic City]], [[Las Vegas, Nevada|Las Vegas]], [[Palm Springs, California]], [[Macau]] or [[Monte Carlo]] for the purpose of gambling at the [[casino]]s there.

* ''[[Garden tourism]]'' visiting [[botanical garden]]s famous places in the [[history of gardening]], such as [[Versailles]] and the [[Taj Mahal]].

* ''Hobby tourism'': tourism alone or with groups to participate in hobby interests, to meet others with similar interests, or to experience something pertinent to the hobby. Examples might be [[garden]] tours, [[amateur radio]] [[DX-pedition]]s, or [[square dance]] cruises.

* ''Inclusive tourism'': tourism marketed to those with functional limits or disabilities. Referred to as "Tourism for All" in some regions. Destinations often employ Universal Design and Universal Destination Development principles.

* ''[[Medical tourism]]'', e.g.:

* ''[[Pop-culture tourism]]'': tourism by those that visit a particular location after reading about it or seeing it in a film.

* ''[[Perpetual traveler|Perpetual tourism]]'': individuals always on vacation; some of them, for tax purposes, to avoid being resident in any country.

* ''[[Wine tourism]]'', the visiting of [[growing region]]s, [[vineyard]]s, [[winery|wineries]], tasting rooms, wine festivals, and similar places or events for the purpose of consuming or purchasing [[wine]].

 

 

With the advent of e-commerce, tourism products have become one of the most traded items on the internet. Tourism products and services have been made available through intermediaries, although tourism providers (hotels, airlines, etc.) can sell their services directly. This has put pressure on intermediaries from both on-line and traditional shops.

Some futurists expect that movable hotel "pods" will be created that could be temporarily erected anywhere on the planet, where building a permanent resort would be unacceptable politically, economically or environmentally.

 

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* [http://www.bl.uk/collections/business/travelin.html The British Library - finding information on the travel and tourism industry]

 

[[Image:Delta Dunarii 500.jpg|220px|right|thumb|[[Danube Delta]], [[Romania]] ]]

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