د "جاينيزم" د بڼو تر مېنځ توپير

The backbone of the Jain philosophy, the nine Tattvas show how to attain salvation. Without knowing them, one cannot progress towards liberation. Jainism explains that Karma theory is intertwined with these nine principles.

They are:

 

Some scriptures do not include [[Punya]] and [[Paap]] as Tattvas, as it is found that they consist of Karman particles, which are seen as Ajiv.

The Jain ethical code is taken very seriously. Five vows are followed by both laity and monks/nuns. These are:

 

 

For laypersons, 'chastity' means confining sexual experiences to marriage. For monks/nuns, it means complete celibacy. Nonviolence includes being vegetarian and some choose to be vegan. Jains are expected to be non-violent in thought, word and deed, towards humans and every living creature. Jain monks walk barefoot and sweep the ground in front of them to avoid killing any insect. Human life is deemed the highest and it is vital to never harm or upset another. While performing holy deeds, Svetambar Jains wear cloths ([[Muhapatti]]) over their mouths and noses to avoid saliva falling on texts or revered images.

Along with the Five Vows, Jains avoid harboring ill will towards others and practise forgiveness. They believe that [[atma]] (soul) can lead one to becoming Parmatma (liberated soul) and this must come from one's inner self. Jains refrain from all violence ([[Ahimsa]]) and have named 18 activities, called [[Päpsthänaks]], that should be eradicated:

 

 

[[Mahatma Gandhi]] was deeply influenced by Jain tenets (particularly through the guidance of [[Shrimad Rajchandra]]) such as peaceful, protective living, honesty and made it an integral part of his own [[Gandhism|philosophy]]{{fact}}.

It is generally believed that the Jain [[sangha (Jainism)|sangha]] divided into two major [[sects]], [[Digambar]] and [[Shvetambar]], about 200 years after [[Mahavira|Mahāvīr]]'s nirvan. Some historians believe there was no clear division until the 5th century. The best available information indicates that the chief Jain monk, [[Acharya Bhadrabahu]], foresaw famine and led about 12,000 [[Digambar]] followers to [[South India|southern India]]. Twelve years later, they returned to find the [[Shvetambar]] sect and in 453, the [[Valabhi council]] edited and compiled traditional Shvetambar scriptures.

 

 

Excavations at Mathura revealed many Jain statues from the [[Kushana]] period. Tirthankars are represented without clothes and monks, with cloth wrapped around the left arm, are identified as 'ardha-phalak' and mentioned in some texts. The [[Yapaniaya]] sect, believed to have originated from the Ardha-phalak, follows Digambar nudity, along with several Shvetambar beliefs.

 

=== West ===

 

== Holy days ==

 

The [http://www.cs.colostate.edu/~malaiya/calendar.html Jain Calendar] gives the dates for major Jain festivals, vrats and fairs.

** [[Jainism in Kerala]]

** [[Jainism in Karnataka]]

* [[Jains in India according to 2001 census]]

 

* [[Jain rituals and festivals]]

* [[Derasar|Jain Temples]]

* Kelting, Whitney, '''''Singing to the Jinas''''', New York: Oxford, 2001. (Jain laywomen)

* '''''The Assembly of Listeners''''', edited by Michael Carrithers and Caroline Humphrey, 5-14. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991.

 

==== Specialized sources ====

* Cort, John, '''''Jains in the World: Religious Values and Ideology in India'''', New York: Oxford University Press, 2001.

 

=== Notes ===

 

== External links ==

* [http://indiatraveller.blogspot.com/ Santhara Picture Gallery]

 

{{Indian Philosophy}}

 

[[وېشنيزه:مذهب]]

 

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