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۱ کرښه:
{{ژباړل}}[[
A '''census''' is the process of obtaining information about every member of a [[population]] (not necessarily a [[human]] population). The term is mostly used in connection with national 'Population and housing censuses' (to be taken every 10 years according to [[United Nations]] recommendations); Agriculture censuses (all agriculture units) and Business censuses (all enterprises).
The census can be contrasted with [[sampling (statistics)|sampling]] in which information is only obtained from a subset of a population. As such it is a method used for accumulating [[statistics|statistical]] data, and it is also vital to [[democracy]] ([[voting]]). Census data is also commonly used for research, business [[marketing]], and planning purposes.
== Census and privacy ==
While the census provides a useful way of obtaining statistical information about a population, such information can sometimes lead to abuses, political or otherwise, made possible by the linking of individuals' identities to anonymous census data.<ref>[http://www.epic.org/privacy/census/ The Census and Privacy]</ref>
۱۱ کرښه:
Whatever measures have been taken to reduce the privacy risk in census data, new technology in the form of better electronic analysis of data pose increasing challenges to the protection of sensitive individual information.
== Ancient and medieval censuses ==
One of the earliest documented censuses was taken in 500-499 BC by the [[Persian Empire]]'s military for issuing land grants, and taxation purposes.<ref>Kuhrt, A. (1995) The Ancient Near East c. 3000–330BC Vol 2 Routledge, London. pp 695</ref>
۱۸ کرښه:
The [[Bible]] relates stories of several censuses. The [[Book of Numbers]] describes a divinely-mandated census that occurred when [[Moses]] led the [[Israelite]]s from [[Egypt]]. A later census called by King [[David]] of [[Kingdom of Israel|Israel]], referred to as the "[[numbering of the people]]," incited divine retribution (for being militarily motivated or perhaps displaying lack of faith in God). A [[Roman census]] is also mentioned in one of the best-known passages of the Bible in the [[Gospel of Luke]], see [[Census of Quirinius]].
[[Ancient Rome|Rome]] conducted censuses to determine [[tax
The world's oldest extant census data comes from [[China]] during the [[Han Dynasty]]. Taken in the fall of 2 AD, it is considered by scholars to be quite accurate. At that time there were 59.6 million living in Han China, the world's largest population.<ref>H. Yoon (1985). "An early Chinese idea of a dynamic environmental cycle", ''GeoJournal'' '''10''' (2), p. 211-212.</ref> The second oldest preserved census is also from the Han, dating back to 140 AD, when only a bit more than 48 million people were recorded. Mass migrations into what is today southern China are believed to be behind this massive demographic decline.
۲۴ کرښه:
In the [[Middle Ages]], the most famous census in Europe is the [[Domesday Book]], undertaken in 1086 by [[William I of England]] so that he could properly tax the land he had recently conquered. In 1183, a census was taken of the [[crusade]]r [[Kingdom of Jerusalem]], to ascertain the number of men and amount of money that could possibly be raised against an invasion by [[Saladin]], sultan of [[Egypt]] and [[Syria]].
== نوې سرشمېرنه ==
=== الجېريا ===
سرشميرنه او كور شميرنه په [[الجيريا]] كي په 1967, 1977, 1987 او 1997 كلونو كي ترسره شوه
۳۳ کرښه:
سرشمنرنه او كورشميرنه په ۲۰۰۱ كي ترسره شوه
=== ارجنټاين ===
National population census have been conducted in 1932, 1960, 1980, 2001
=== اطريش ===
The [[Austria]]n census is run by the ''Statistik Austria''. It is carried out every ten years, the last on being an [[2001]].
=== آسټراليا ===
{{main|Census in Australia}}
The [[Australia]]n census is operated by the [[Australian Bureau of Statistics]]. It is currently usually conducted about every five years, the last occurrence being on [[August 8]], [[2006]]. Past Australian censuses were conducted in 1911, 1921, 1933, 1947, 1954, 1961, 1966, 1971, 1976, 1981, 1986, 1991, 1996, and 2001. In 2006, for the first time, Australians were able to complete their census online.
=== بنګله دېش ===
Population censuses have been carried out in 1971, 1981, 1991 and 2001
=== بينين ===
A population census was carried out in 1978
=== بولېويا ===
Population and housing censuses have been carried out in [[Bolivia]] in 1992 and 2001.
=== برازيل ===
The [[Brazil
=== بلغاريه ===
The first census was organised after Bulgarian parliament passed a law for national censuses in 1880. A special Act on Statistics was enacted in 1897. It was following on the edge European standards at the time. The area of the next census was widening for the purposes of International Statistical Institute which was planning a world wide census of the then ‘civilized world’ at the time. The Directorate of Statistics was the only institution authorized and responsible with and for organization and of national censuses. The procedure remained the same until [[WW-II]].
۶۷ کرښه:
• Vital statistics – marriage, number of family members, age at marriage, mortality and nativity
=== کاناډا ===
The [[Canada|Canadian]] census is run by [[Statistics Canada]]. The [[1666 census of New France|first census conducted in Canada]] was conducted in 1666, by [[France|French]] [[intendant of New France|intendant]] [[Jean Talon]], when he took a census to ascertain the number of people living in [[New France]]. The individual provinces conducted censuses, in the 19th century and before, sometimes in conjunction with each other. In 1871, Canada's first formal census was conducted, which counted the population of [[Nova Scotia]], [[Ontario]], [[New Brunswick]], and [[Quebec]]. In 1918, the [[Dominion Bureau of Statistics]] was formed, and replaced by Statistics Canada in 1971.
۸۲ کرښه:
[http://www.altapop.ca AltaPop (Alberta Population)] is a very useful website that builds upon the data provided by the Province and Statistics Canada. Visit [http://www.altapop.ca AltaPop] to compare municipal and federal census results by municipality, to analyse historic population trends by municipality, and to view detailed annual population summaries either by size of municipality or sorted alphabetically.
=== کوسټاريکا ===
[[Costa Rica]] carried out its [[Costa Rica 2000 Census|9th population census]] in 2000. [[INEC]], ''National Institute of Statistics and Census'' is in charge of conduct these census. Past Costa Rican censuses were conducted in 1864, 1883, 1892, 1927, 1950, 1963, 1973 and 1984.
=== ډېنمارک ===
The first [[Denmark|Danish]] census was in 1700-1701, and contained statistical information about adult men. Only about half of it still exists. A census of school children was taken during the 1730s.
۱۰۱ کرښه:
:''Main article: [[Census in Egypt]]''
* The Statistical Department of the Ministry of Finance conducted the first census in 1882, which considered as a preparatory step; the first true population census was conducted in 1897. Thereafter, censuses were conducted at ten-year intervals in 1907, 1917, 1927 and so on.
* In 2006 the [[Central Agency For Public Mobilization and Statistics
=== فېنلانډ ===
The first population census was taken in 1749 when Finland was a part of Sweden.
=== فرانسه ===
[[Napoleon I of France|Napoleon Bonaparte]] began the census in France as a means of determining the number of potential soldiers under his rule. Today, the census in [[France]] is carried out by [[INSEE]]. Since 2004, a partial census is carried out every year, and the results published as averages over 5 years.
=== آلمان ===
The first large-scale census in the German Empire took place in [[German census of 1895|1895]]. Attempts at introducing a census in [[West Germany]] sparked strong popular resentment in the 1980s since many quite personal questions were asked. Some campaigned for a boycott. In the end the Constitutional Court stopped the census in 1980 and 1983. The last census was in 1987. Germany has since used population samples in combination with statistical methods, in place of a full census.
=== يونان ===
Census takes place every [[decennial|10 years]] and is carried out by the National Statistical Service of Greece [http://www.statistics.gr]. Last census was in 2001.
=== هانګ کانګ ===
:''Main article: [[Census in Hong Kong]]''
Census takes place every [[decennial|10 years]] and by-census between two censuses by the [[Census and Statistics Department]] of [[Government of Hong Kong|Hong Kong]]. The last census was conducted in 2001 and the next by-census will take place in 2006.
=== هنګري ===
Official decennial censuses have been taken in Hungary since 1870; the latest one – in line with the recommendations of the United Nations and the Statistical Office of the European Union – was carried out in 2001.
Starting from 1880 the Hungarian census system was based on native language (the language spoken at home in the early life of the person and at the time of the survey), vulgar language (the most freqvently used language in the family), and other spoken languages.
=== آيسلېنډ ===
The first [[Iceland
The setting up, in 1952, of the [[National Register of Iceland|National Register]] (''þjóðskrá'') eliminated the need for censuses. All those born in Iceland, and all new residents, are automatically registered. Individuals are identified in the register by means of a [[national identification number]] (the so-called ''kennitala''), a number composed of the date of birth in the format ddmmyy and four additional digits, the last of which indicates the century in which the person was born (9 for the 1900s and 0 for the 2000s).
۱۳۱ کرښه:
In Iceland, the National Register also doubles as [[electoral register]]. Likewise, all bank accounts are linked to the national identification of the owner (companies and institutions all have their own identification numbers).
=== هندوستان ===
{{main|Demographics of India}}
The decennial census of [[India]] is the primary source of information about the demographic characteristics of the [[population of India]] which is the second biggest country of the world in terms of population.
۱۴۳ کرښه:
[[9 February]] [[2001]], the first day of the 2001 census was celebrated as the census day.
==== سرچينه ====
* [http://www.censusindia.net/ Website of the office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India]
* [http://www.unfpa.org/sustainable/docs.htm Banthia J.K., Ex Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India. "Mobilising Support for India’s Census - Constraints and Challenges"]
=== اسراييل ===
The first census in [[Israel]] was held in November 1948, six months after the creation of the state. Subsequent censuses took place in 1961, 1972, 1983 and 1995. The aforementioned were conducted by the [[Israel Central Bureau of Statistics]].
=== آيرلېنډ ===
The census in [[Republic of Ireland|Ireland]] is carried out by the [[Central Statistics Office (Ireland)]]. The previous two censuses were carried out in 2002 and most recently on [[April 23]] [[2006]]. The census is carried out every five years, except in 2001, whose census was postponed to 2002 due to the outbreak of [[foot and mouth]] disease. According to the 2006 form, "any person who fails or refuses to provide information or who knowingly provides false information may be subject to a fine of up to €25,000," under the Central Statistics Act 1993.
۱۶۱ کرښه:
This census also asked two unique questions relating to ownership of PCs and what [[Internet]] connection your home had. The next census will take place in the year 2011.
* [http://www.cso.ie/ Web site of the Central Statistics Office Ireland]
=== اېټاليا ===
The census in [[Italy]] is carried out by [[Istituto Nazionale di Statistica|ISTAT]] every [[decennial|10 years]]. The last four were in 1971, 1981, 1991, 2001.
=== جاپان ===
[[Japan]] collects census information every five years. The figures show the English translation of the 2005 census form. The form solicits information on name, sex, relationship to head of household, year and month of birth, marital status, nationality, number of members of household, type and nature of dwelling, floor area of dwelling, number of hours worked during the week prior to [[October 1]], employment status, name of employer and type of business, and kind of work.
<gallery>
۱۷۳ کرښه:
</gallery>
=== لاتويا ===
The most recent census in Latvia was in 2000. Before that, it was about 6 censuses, most part of these previous censuses was in the USSR time. The census in [[Latvia]] is carried out by [[Centrālā Statistikas Pārvalde]] (Central Statistical Bureau).
=== مقدونيا ===
The foundation of the Republic of Macedonia followed the break up og the former Yugoslav Republic in 1991. The first population and housing census was taken in the summer 1994. The second census was taken in the autumn 2002. Both censuses were observed by international experts due to the sensitive issue regarding the ethnic distribution (Macedonian vs Albanian population).
=== موزمبيق ===
The last population census was taken in 1997. The next is planned for August 2007.
=== هالېنډ ===
The first census in [[the Netherlands]] was conducted in 1795, and the last in 1971. A law was produced on [[April 22]] [[1879]], saying that a census be conducted every ten years.
The census that was supposed to be conducted in 1981 was postponed and later cancelled. A call for privacy was responsible for the cancellation of any further census since 1991.
=== نوی زيلانډ ===
The census in [[New Zealand]] is carried out by [[Statistics New Zealand]] (Tatauranga Aotearoa), every five years. The last was on [[7 March]] [[2006]]. For the 2006 Census of New Zealand, respondents could choose to complete their census questionnaire online. See [[New Zealand Census of Population and Dwellings]].
=== ناروې ===
The two first male census was conducted during [http://www.rhd.uit.no/nhdc/census.html#male the 1660s and 1701]. Later statistical censuses were held in 1769, 1815, 1835, 1845, and 1855. Norway’s first nominative, complete census was taken in 1801, when Norway still was ruled by the Oldenburg dynasty of [[Denmark-Norway]]. The scope of the census followed the de jure principle, so military persons should be included as well as foreigners if they were residents. The 1801, 1865 and 1900 censuses are digitized, and are made [http://www.rhd.uit.no/folketellinger/folketellinger_avansert_e.aspx searchable on the internet]. The census records are made public available when 100 years have passed. Since 1900, the census has been conducted every ten years. (However, the 1940 census was postponed to 1946.) Since 2001 the population census has been [http://www.ssb.no/fob_en/ combined with the housing statistics].
=== پېرو ===
{{main|Peru Census}}
The first census in [[Peru]] was carried out in 1836. The tenth and last one was the [[Peru 2005 Census|2005 Census]] and was carried out by [[Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática]]. The next census will be the [[Peru 2007 Census|2007 Census]].
=== پولېنډ ===
The census in [[Poland]] is carried out by [[GUS (Poland)|GUS]] every circa [[decennial|10 years]] - see [[censuses in Poland]]. The [[Polish census of 2002|last one]] occurred in 2002.
=== پرتګال ===
The first census in Portugal was carried out in 1864. The census in [[Portugal]] is carried out by [[Instituto Nacional de Estatistica|INE]] every [[decennial|10 years]]. The last one occurred in 2001.
=== رومانيا ===
The first census in [[Romania]] was carried out in 1859. Nowadays it is carried every ten years by the [[Institutul Naţional de Statistică]] (INSSE). The last one occurred in 2002.
=== روسيه ===
In [[Russia]], the first (and the only) [[Russian Empire Census]] was carried out in 1897. All-Union Population Censuses were carried out in the [[Soviet Union|USSR]] (which included [[Russian SFSR|RSFSR]] and the other republics) in 1920 (urban only), 1926, 1937, 1939, 1959, 1970, 1979, and 1989). The first post-Soviet [[Russian Census (2002)|Russian Census]] was carried out in 2002. The next census is tentatively planned for 2010. Currently, the census is the responsibility of the [http://www.gks.ru Federal State Statistics Service.]
=== سېربيا ===
The census takes place every 10 years. The last census was in 2002.
=== سوېلي افريقا ===
The first census of [[South Africa]] was taken in [[1911]]. Several enumerations have occurred since then[http://countrystudies.us/south-africa/44.htm], with the most recent two being carried out by [[Statistics South Africa]] in [[1996]] and [[South African National Census of 2001|2001]].
=== اسپانيا ===
The census in [[Spain]] is carried out by [[INE (Spain)|INE]] every [[decennial|10 years]]. The first modern census was carried out in 1768 by [[Conde de Aranda]], under the reign of [[Carlos III]]. The last four were in 1971, 1981, 1991, 2001.
=== سوډان ===
Population censuses have been carried out in [[Sudan]] in 1955/56, 1973 (national), 1983(national) and 1993 (only north). A census is planned for November 2007.
=== سويډن ===
The first population census in [[Sweden]] was carried out in 1749. The last population and housing census was carried out in 1990. It is planned to conduct population and housing censuses based on registers in the future.
=== ترکيه ===
The [[Turkey|Turkish]] census is run by ''[[Devlet İstatistik Enstitüsü]]''. The first census in [[Turkey]] was conducted in 1927. After 1935, it took place in every 5 years until 1990. Now, the census takes place every 10 years. The last census was in 2000.
In 2007 they work on a new census.
=== اوکراين ===
The first post-Soviet [[Ukrainian Census (2001)|Ukrainian Census]] was carried out by [http://www.ukrcensus.gov.ua/eng/ State Statistics Committee of Ukraine] in [[2001]], twelve years after the last All-Union census in 1989.
=== برطانيه ===
{{splitsection|Census in the United Kingdom}}
{{subsections}}
۲۶۴ کرښه:
All of the British censuses from 1841-1901 have been transcribed and indexed and are available online; there is a joint project between the National Archives of Ireland and Library and Archives Canada to digitize the 1901 and 1911 censuses for the whole of Ireland, and it is possible this will be completed by the end of 2007.
== د امريکا متحده ايالات ==
{{main|United States Census}}
The [[United States Constitution]] mandates that the census be taken at least once every 10 years, and that the number of members of the [[House of Representatives]] from each state be determined accordingly. In addition, census statistics are used for apportioning Federal funding for many social and economic programs.
۲۷۰ کرښه:
The first [[United States Census|U.S. Census]] was conducted in [[1790]] by [[United States Marshals Service|Federal marshals]]. Census-takers went door-to-door and recorded the number of people in each household, along with the name of the head of the household. Slaves were enumerated, but for [[apportionment]] purposes each counted as only [[three-fifths compromise|three-fifths]] of a citizen. [[Native Americans in the United States|American Indians]] being neither taxed nor considered during apportionment were not counted in the census. The first census counted 3.9 million people, less than half the population of [[New York City]] in 2000; the 2000 census counted over 281 million people. In 1902, Congress established the [[United States Census Bureau|Census Bureau]] as a permanent [[List of United States federal agencies|Federal agency]].
In recent times, there were two forms of questionnaire
Despite a massive effort, the Census Bureau has never been able to count every individual, leading to controversy about whether to use statistical methods to supplement the numbers for some purposes, as well as arguments over how to improve the actual head count. The [[Supreme Court of the United States|Supreme Court]] has ruled that only an actual head count can be used to apportion Congressional seats; however, cities and minority representatives have complained that urban residents and minorities are undercounted. In several cases, the Census Bureau will recount an area with disputed figures, provided the local government pays for the time and effort. The State of [[Utah]] protested the figures of the 2000 decennial census because it stood to gain a seat in the House of Representatives, but [[North Carolina]] gained it instead. Had the Census Bureau been able to count the numbers of Utahns living overseas, including many [[Mormon]] missionaries, Utah would have gained the seat.
۲۹۰ کرښه:
Researchers must use care when working with census records. Census taker handwriting varies from excellent to illegible. Information may also be inaccurate due to spelling variants by the recorder. Some information, especially ages, may be incorrect due to vanity or confusion on the part of the information giver. Birthplaces may not be accurate depending on which family member gave the information. With these and other cautions in mind, census records can be very informative and useful.
==== سيمه ايز ====
In additional to the decennial federal census, more localized versions are often used. An example of this is [[Massachusetts]], which takes a statewide census every fifth year. Likewise, each community in Massachusetts takes a municipal census each year. Some states conducted limited censuses for various purposes which predate the 1790 federal census schedules. Various state archives can usually direct the researcher to these sources.
== يادښتونه ==
{{reflist}}
== سرچينې ==
* [http://www.census.gov/Press-Release/www/releases/archives/miscellaneous/000507.html U.S. Census Press Release on 1930 Census]
* [http://www.archives.gov/publications/prologue/spring_2002_soundex_projects.html U.S. Census Press Release on Soundex and WPA]
* Bielenstein, Hans. "Wang Mang, the restoration of the Han dynasty, and Later Han." In ''The Cambridge History of China'', vol. 1, eds. Denis Twitchett and John K. Fairbank, 223-90 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1978).
* [http://www.statistics.gov.uk/cci/nugget.asp?id=297 Effects of UK 'Jedi' hoax on 2001 UK census from ONS]
== باندنۍ تړنې ==
* [http://www.archives.gov/genealogy/census/ Census at the U.S. National Archives]
* [http://www.censusscope.org CensusScope] Easy-to-navigate data, charts, maps, and graphs of U.S. Census Data.
* [http://www.zipskinny.com ZIPskinny] ZIP-code lookup of selected U.S. Census 2000 sample data.
* [http://www.census-online.com Links to census records online for the U.S., UK and Canada]
* [http://www.histpop.org Online Historical Population Reports Project (OHPR)]
* [http://statbel.fgov.be/census/links_en.asp Links to the official websites of various national censuses]
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۳۶۶ کرښه:
[[su:Sénsus]]
[[sv:Folkräkning]]
[[sw:Sensa]]
[[uk:Перепис населення]]
[[vi:Điều tra dân số]]
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