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The word "Politics" comes from the Greek word "polis" meaning state or city. "Politikos" describes anything concerning the state or city affairs. In Latin, this was "politicus" and in French "politique". Thus it became "politics" in [[Middle English]] ( see the [[Concise Oxford Dictionary]]).

 

[[Political science]], the study of politics, examines the acquisition and application of [[political power|power]]. Related areas of study include [[political philosophy]], which seeks a rationale for politics and an ethic of public behaviour, [[political economy]], which attempts to develop understandings of the relationships between politics and the economy and the governance of the two, and [[public administration]], which examines the practices of governance.

 

{{cquote2|Politics: A strife of interests masquerading as a contest of principles. The conduct of public affairs for private advantage.| [[Ambrose Bierce]] <ref>''The Heretic's Handbook of Quotations: Cutting Comments on Burning Issues'', by Charles Bufe, 1992, Sharp Press, pg 2</ref>}}

 

{{mainarticle|Left-Right politics}}

Recently in history, political analysts and politicians divide politics into [[left wing]] and [[right wing]] politics, often also using the idea of center politics as a middle path of policy between the right and left. This classification is comparatively recent (it was not used by [[Aristotle]] or [[Hobbes]], for instance), and dates from the [[French Revolution]] era, when those members of the [[National Assembly]] who supported the [[republic]], the common people and a [[secular society]] sat on the left and supporters of the [[monarchy]], [[aristocracy (class)|aristocratic]] privilege and the Church sat on the right.<ref name="Knapp">{{cite book|author=Andrew Knapp and Vincent Wright|title=The Government and Politics of France|year=2006|publisher=Routledge}}</ref>

The meaning of left-wing and right-wing varies considerably between different countries and at different times, but generally speaking, it can be said that the right wing often values [[tradition]] and a free markets while the left wing often values [[reform]] and [[egalitarianism]].

 

 

Some ideologies, notably [[Christian Democracy]], claim to combine left and right wing politics; according to Geoffrey K. Roberts and Patricia Hogwood, "In terms of ideology, Christian Democracy has incorporated many of the views held by liberals, conservatives and socialists within a wider framework of moral and Christian principles."<ref>Roberts and Hogwood, ''European Politics Today'', [[Manchester University Press]], 1997</ref> Movements which claim or formerly claimed to be above the left-right divide include [[Gaullism]] in France, [[Peronism]] in Argentina, and [[National Action Party (Mexico)#"National Action" politics|National Action Politics]] in Mexico.

 

[[Authoritarianism]] and [[libertarianism]] refer to the amount of individual [[Freedom (political)|freedom]] each person possesses in that society relative to the state. One author describes authoritarian political systems as those where "individual [[rights]] and goals are subjugated to group goals, expectations and conformities",<ref>{{cite journal|author=Markus Kemmelmeier et al.|title=Individualism, Collectivism, and Authoritarianism in Seven Societies|year=2003|journal=Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology|volume=34|issue=3|pages=304–322|doi=10.1177/0022022103034003005}}</ref> while a libertarian political system is one in which individual [[rights]] and [[civil liberties]] are paramount. More extreme than libertarians are [[anarchism|anarchists]], who argue for the total abolition of [[government]], while the most extreme authoritarians are [[totalitarianism|totalitarians]] who support state control over all aspects of [[society]].

 

For instance, [[classical liberalism]] (also known as ''[[laissez-faire]] liberalism''<ref name=Adams>Ian Adams, ''Political Ideology Today'' (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2001), 20.</ref>, or, in much of the world, simply ''liberalism'') is a doctrine stressing individual freedom and [[limited government]]. This includes the importance of human rationality, individual [[property rights]], [[free market]]s, [[natural rights]], the protection of [[civil liberties]], constitutional limitation of government, and individual freedom from restraint as exemplified in the writings of [[John Locke]], [[Adam Smith]], [[David Hume]], [[David Ricardo]], [[Voltaire]], [[Montesquieu]] and others. According to the libertarian [[Institute for Humane Studies]], "the libertarian, or 'classical liberal,' perspective is that individual well-being, prosperity, and social harmony are fostered by 'as much liberty as possible' and 'as little government as necessary.'"<ref>[http://www.theihs.org/about/id.1084/default.asp What Is Libertarian?], Institute for Humane Studies</ref>

 

 

* [[Politics of present-day states]]

* [[List of years in politics]]

 

 

* [[Activism]]

* [[Political sociology]]

 

{{reflist|2}}

 

{{Ideologies}}

 

 

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== دا هم وګورۍ ==

 

== سرچينې ==

 

 

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