د "اساسي قانون" د بڼو تر مېنځ توپير

Some countries, mainly those with uncodified constitutions, have no such courts at all – for example, as the [[United Kingdom]] traditionally functions under the principle of [[parliamentary sovereignty]]: the legislature has the power to enact any law it wishes. However, through its membership in the [[European Union]], the UK is now subject to the jurisdiction of [[European Community law]] and the [[European Court of Justice]]; similarly, by acceding to the [[Council of Europe]]'s [[European Convention on Human Rights]], it is subject to the [[European Court of Human Rights]]. In effect, these bodies are constitutional courts that can invalidate or interpret UK legislation, first established as a principle by the [[Factortame case]].

 

Excavations in modern-day [[Iraq]] by [[Ernest de Sarzec]] in 1877 found evidence of the earliest known code of justice, issued by the [[Sumer]]ian king [[Urukagina]] of [[Lagash]] ca. 2300 BC. Perhaps the earliest prototype for a law of government, this document itself has not yet been discovered; however it is known that it allowed some [[right]]s to his citizens. For example, it is known that it relieved tax for widows and orphans, and protected the poor from the [[usury]] of the rich.

[[دوتنه:Hammurabi.jpg|thumb|200px|Detail from Hammurabi's stele shows him receiving the laws of Babylon from the seated sun deity.]]