د "دعناصرو دوراني جدول" د بڼو تر مېنځ توپير

=== دایونايزیشن انرژي===

[[File:First Ionization Energy.svg|thumb|upright=2.27|left|Ionization energy: each period begins at a minimum for the alkali metals, and ends at a maximum for the noble gases]]

 

 

 

[[Image:Periodic variation of Pauling electronegativities.png|thumb|left|upright=1.35|Graph showing increasing electronegativity with growing number of selected groups]]

 

 

{{main|Electron affinity}}

[[File:Electron affinity of the elements.svg|thumb|upright=1.8|left|Dependence of electron affinity on atomic number.<ref>Huheey, Keiter & Keiter, p. 42</ref> Values generally increase across each period, culminating with the halogens before decreasing precipitously with the noble gases. Examples of localized peaks seen in hydrogen, the alkali metals and the [[group 11 elements]] are caused by a tendency to complete the s-shell (with the 6s shell of gold being further stabilized by relativistic effects and the presence of a filled 4f sub shell). Examples of localized troughs seen in the alkaline earth metals, and nitrogen, phosphorus, manganese and rhenium are caused by filled s-shells, or half-filled p- or d-shells.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Siekierski|first1=S.|last2=Burgess|first2=J.|title=Concise chemistry of the elements|publisher=Horwood Publishing|location=Chichester|year=2002|isbn=1-898563-71-3|pages=35‒36}}</ref>]]

 

 

 

[[File:Newlands periodiska system 1866.png|upright=1.36|thumb|[[John Newlands (chemist)|Newlands']] periodic table, as presented to the Chemical Society in 1866, and based on the law of octaves]]

 

 

{{multiple image|direction=vertical|align=left|width=147|image1=Medeleeff by repin.jpg|caption1=''Dmitri Mendeleev'', watercolour by [[Ilya Repin]]|image2=D. Mendeleev's Periodic table from his book.JPG|caption2=Mendeleev's periodic table from his book ''An Attempt Towards a Chemical Conception of the Ether''}}

[[File:Mendeleev's 1869 periodic table.svg|upright=1.15|thumb|right|A version of Mendeleev's 1869 periodic table: ''An experiment on a system of elements based on their atomic weights and chemical similarities.'' This early arrangement presents the periods vertically, and the groups horizontally.]]

 

 

=== دویم ورژن او لازیات پرمختګ===

[[File:Periodic table by Mendeleev, 1871.svg|thumb|left|upright=2.27|Mendeleev's 1871 periodic table with eight groups of elements. Dashes represented elements unknown in 1871.]] [[File:ShortPT20b.png|thumb|left|upright=2.27|Eight-column form of periodic table, updated with all elements discovered to 2016]]

 

 

===The long- or 32-column table===

[[File:32-column periodic table-a.png|upright=2.95|thumb|The periodic table in 32-column format]]

 

 

|[[File:Periodic table 14CeTh form---Group 3 = Sc-Y-La-Ac.jpg|Right|x100px]]<br /><small>La and Ac below Y</small>

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