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۵ کرښه:
 
[[File:Periodic table blocks spdf (32 column).svg|thumb|upright=1.6|Left to right: s-, f-, d-, p-block in the periodic table]]
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Line ۱۲ ⟶ ۲۶:
[[File:Periodic table (metals–metalloids–nonmetals, 32 columns).png|upright=1.36|right|thumb
|{{legend inline|1={{element color|metals}}|2=Metals|border=none}}, {{legend inline|1={{element color|metalloids}}|2=metalloids|border=none}}, {{legend inline|1={{element color|nonmetals}}|2=nonmetals|border=none}}, and {{nowrap|{{legend inline|1={{element color|unknown chemical properties}}|2=elements with unknown chemical properties|border=none}}}} in the periodic table. Sources disagree on the classification of some of these elements.]]
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
===Electron configuration===
Line ۱۷ ⟶ ۴۹:
[[File:Klechkovski rule.svg|upright=0.9|thumb|left|Approximate order in which shells and subshells are arranged by increasing energy according to the [[Madelung rule]]]]
[[File:Periodic trends.png|upright=1.35|thumb|right|Periodic table trends (arrows show an increase)]]
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
===Atomic radii===
{{main|Atomic radius}}
[[File:Empirical atomic radius trends.png|thumb|upright=1.35|left|Atomic number plotted against atomic radius{{#tag:ref|The noble gases, astatine, francium, and all elements heavier than [[americium]] were left out as there is no data for them.|group=n}}]]
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
===Ionization energy===
[[File:First Ionization Energy.svg|thumb|upright=2.27|right|Ionization energy: each period begins at a minimum for the alkali metals, and ends at a maximum for the noble gases]]
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
===Electronegativity===
{{main|Electronegativity}}
Line ۳۰ ⟶ ۱۱۱:
[[Image:Periodic variation of Pauling electronegativities.png|thumb|right|upright=1.35|Graph showing increasing electronegativity with growing number of selected groups]]
 
 
اا{{pp-semi-indef|small=yes}}===Electron affinity===
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
===Electron affinity====
{{main|Electron affinity}}
[[File:Electron affinity of the elements.svg|thumb|upright=1.8|right|Dependence of electron affinity on atomic number.<ref>Huheey, Keiter & Keiter, p. 42</ref> Values generally increase across each period, culminating with the halogens before decreasing precipitously with the noble gases. Examples of localized peaks seen in hydrogen, the alkali metals and the [[group 11 elements]] are caused by a tendency to complete the s-shell (with the 6s shell of gold being further stabilized by relativistic effects and the presence of a filled 4f sub shell). Examples of localized troughs seen in the alkaline earth metals, and nitrogen, phosphorus, manganese and rhenium are caused by filled s-shells, or half-filled p- or d-shells.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Siekierski|first1=S.|last2=Burgess|first2=J.|title=Concise chemistry of the elements|publisher=Horwood Publishing|location=Chichester|year=2002|isbn=1-898563-71-3|pages=35‒36}}</ref>]]
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
===First systemization attempts===
Line ۳۸ ⟶ ۱۴۷:
 
[[File:Newlands periodiska system 1866.png|upright=1.36|thumb|[[John Newlands (chemist)|Newlands']] periodic table, as presented to the Chemical Society in 1866, and based on the law of octaves]]
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
===Mendeleev's table===
{{multiple image|direction=vertical|align=left|width=147|image1=Medeleeff by repin.jpg|caption1=''Dmitri Mendeleev'', watercolour by [[Ilya Repin]]|image2=D. Mendeleev's Periodic table from his book.JPG|caption2=Mendeleev's periodic table from his book ''An Attempt Towards a Chemical Conception of the Ether''}}
[[File:Mendeleev's 1869 periodic table.svg|upright=1.15|thumb|right|A version of Mendeleev's 1869 periodic table: ''An experiment on a system of elements based on their atomic weights and chemical similarities.'' This early arrangement presents the periods vertically, and the groups horizontally.]]
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
===Second version and further development===
[[File:Periodic table by Mendeleev, 1871.svg|thumb|left|upright=2.27|Mendeleev's 1871 periodic table with eight groups of elements. Dashes represented elements unknown in 1871.]] [[File:ShortPT20b.png|thumb|left|upright=2.27|Eight-column form of periodic table, updated with all elements discovered to 2016]]
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
==Different periodic tables==
Line ۵۰ ⟶ ۲۰۴:
===The long- or 32-column table===
[[File:32-column periodic table-a.png|upright=2.95|thumb|The periodic table in 32-column format]]
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Line ۵۷ ⟶ ۲۲۶:
|[[File:Periodic table 14CeTh form---Group 3 = Sc-Y-La-Ac.jpg|Right|x100px]]<br /><small>La and Ac below Y</small>
|}
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
====Lutetium and lawrencium====
Line ۶۳ ⟶ ۲۴۹:
||[[File:Periodic table 14LaAc form---Group 3 = Sc-Y-Lu-Lr.jpg|Right|x100px]]<br /><small>Lu and Lr below Y</small>
|}
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
====Lanthanides and actinides====