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۱ کرښه:
[[Image:Universum.jpg|thumb|320px|[[Hand-colouring|Hand-coloured]] version of the anonymous [[Flammarion woodcut]] (1888).]]
'''Astrologyستورپېژندنه''' (from [[Greek language|Greek]]: αστήρ, αστρός (astér, astrós), "star", and λόγος, λόγου (lógos, lógou), "word" or "speech") is a group of [[system]]s, [[tradition]]s, and [[belief]]s in which knowledge of the relative positions of [[astronomical object|celestial bodies]] and related details is held to be useful in understanding, interpreting, and organizing information about personality, human affairs, and other terrestrial matters. A practitioner of astrology is called an [[astrologer]], or, less often, an astrologist. Numerous traditions and applications employing astrological concepts have arisen since its earliest recorded beginnings in the 2nd millennium BCE.<ref>{{cite web| author=Robert Hand| title=The History of Astrology — Another View| url=http://www.zodiacal.com/articles/hand/history.htm| accessdate=2007-06-19}}</ref> It has played a role in the shaping of culture, early astronomy, and other disciplines throughout history.
 
Historically, [[astrology and astronomy]] were often indistinguishable, because the desire for predictive and divinatory knowledge were the primary motivating factors in both disciplines. Astronomy began to diverge from astrology after a long period of gradual separation in the [[18th century]], and has since distinguished itself as the [[Science|scientific]] study of astronomical objects and phenomena without any concern for their supposed astrological correlation.
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Central to horoscopic astrology and its branches is the calculation of the horoscope or astrological chart. This two-dimensional diagrammatic representation shows the celestial bodies' apparent positions in the heavens from the vantage of a location on Earth at a given time and place. The horoscope is also divided into twelve different celestial [[Astrological houses|houses]] which govern different areas of life. Calculations performed in casting a horoscope involve [[arithmetic]] and simple [[geometry]] which serve to locate the apparent position of heavenly bodies on desired dates and times based on astronomical tables. In ancient Hellenistic astrology the ascendant demarcated the first celestial house of a horoscope. The word for the ascendant in Greek was ''horoskopos'' from which "horoscope" derives. In modern times, the word has come to refer to the astrological chart as a whole.
 
===د فالي ستورپېژندنې څانګې===
===Branches of horoscopic astrology===
Traditions of horoscopic astrology can be divided into four branches which are directed towards specific subjects or purposes. Often these branches use a unique set of techniques or a different application of the core principles of the system to a different area. Many other subsets and applications of astrology are derived from these four fundamental branches.
 
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In music the best known example of astrology's influence is in the orchestral suite called "[[The Planets]]" by the British composer [[Gustav Holst]], the framework of which is based upon the astrological symbolism of the planets.
 
==ستورپېژندنه او ساينس==
==Astrology and science==
[[Image:Cellarius ptolemaic system.jpg|thumb|250px|left|The [[Ptolemaic system]] depicted by [[Andreas Cellarius]], 1660/61]]
By the time of [[Francis Bacon]] and the scientific revolution, newly emerging scientific disciplines acquired a method of systematic empirical induction validated by experimental observations, which led to the scientific revolution.<ref>{{cite web | title= The scientific revolution | url=http://www.wsu.edu:8001/~dee/ENLIGHT/SCIREV.HTM | author=Hooker, Richard}}</ref> At this point, astrology and astronomy began to diverge; astronomy became one of the central sciences while astrology was increasingly viewed as an occult science or superstition by natural scientists. This separation accelerated through the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries.<ref name="Tester">Jim Tester, ''A History of Western Astrology'' (Ballantine Books, 1989), 240ff.</ref>
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[[Image:God the Geometer.jpg|thumb|225px|Early science, particularly geometry and astronomy/astrology, was connected to the divine for most [[History of science in the Middle Ages|medieval scholars]]. The [[compass]] in this 13th century manuscript is a symbol of God's act of [[Creation (theology)|Creation]], as many believed that there was something intrinsically divine or perfect that could be found in [[circle]]s]]
 
===Mechanismمېکانيزم===
An editorial published by the [[Astronomical Society of the Pacific]] reports that they can find no evidence for a scientifically defined mechanism by which celestial objects can supposedly influence terrestrial affairs. Though physical mechanisms are still among the [[proposed theories of astrology]],<ref name="Seymour">Dr. P. Seymour, ''Astrology: The evidence of Science.'' Penguin Group (London, 1988) ISBN 0-14-019226-3</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=The Pineal Gland and the Ancient Art of Iatromathematica | author=Frank McGillion | url=http://www.astrology-research.net/researchlibrary/Iatr/pineal.htm}}</ref> few modern astrologers believe in a direct causal relationship between heavenly bodies and earthly events.<ref name="Phillipson"/> Some have posited [[acausal]], purely [[correlative]], relationships between astrological observations and events, such as the theory of [[synchronicity]]<ref> Maggie Hyde, Jung and Astrology. The Aquarian Press (London, 1992) p. 24-26. </ref> proposed by Jung. Others have posited a basis in [[divination]].<ref name="Cornelius">Geoffrey Cornelius, The Moment of Astrology. Utsav Arora, another meditation research specialist and astrologer, argues, "if 100% accuracy were to be the benchmark, we shoud be closing down and shutting all hospitals, medical labs. Scientific medical equipment and drugs have a long history of errors and miscalculations. Same is the case with computers and electronic. We dont refute electronic gadgets and equipment just because it fails but we work towards finding cures for the errors." The Wessex Astrologer (Bournemouth, 2003.)</ref> Still others have argued that empirical correlations can stand on their own [[epistemology|epistemologically]], and do not need the support of any theory or mechanism.<ref name="Harding"/> To some observers, these non-mechanistic concepts raise serious questions about the feasibility of validating astrology through scientific testing, and some have gone so far as to reject the applicability of the scientific method to astrology almost entirely.<ref name="Harding"/> Some astrologers, on the other hand, believe that astrology is amenable to the scientific method, given sufficiently sophisticated analytical methods, and they cite pilot studies they claim support this view.<ref name="HARASTRES">D. Cochrane, ''Towards a Proof of Astrology: An AstroSignature for Mathematical Ability'' International Astrologer ISAR Journal Winter-Spring 2005, Vol 33, #2</ref> Consequently, several astrologers have called for or advocated continuing studies of astrology based on statistical validation.<ref>M. Pottenger (ed), ''Astrological Research Methods, Volume 1: An ISAR Anthology.'' International Society for Astrological Research (Los Angeles 1995) ISBN 0-9646366-0-3</ref>
 
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The scientific community,<ref name="nsa1"/> where it has commented, claims that astrology has repeatedly failed to demonstrate its effectiveness in numerous controlled studies. [[Effect size]] studies in astrology conclude that the mean accuracy of astrological predictions is no greater than what is expected by chance, and astrology's perceived performance has disappeared on critical inspection.<ref name="Psi">{{cite web | title=<nowiki>Is Astrology Relevant to Consciousness and Psi?</nowiki> | author=Dean and Kelly | url=http://www.imprint.co.uk/pdf/Dean.pdf}}</ref> When tested against [[personality test]]s, astrologers have shown a consistent lack of agreement with these tests. One such [[double-blind]] study in which astrologers attempted to match birth charts with results of a personality test, which was published in the reputable [[peer-reviewed]] scientific journal'' [[Nature (journal)|Nature]]'', concluded that astrologers' could not solve clients' personal problems by reading individuals' natal charts and that astrologers had no special ability to interpret personality from astrological readings.<ref>{{cite web | title=<nowiki>A double-blind test of astrology</nowiki> | author=Shawn Carlson | publisher=Nature, 318, 419 - 425 (05 December 1985) | url=http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v318/n6045/abs/318419a0.html}}</ref> Another study that used a personality test and a questionnaire contended that some astrologers failed to predict objective facts about people or agree with each other's interpretations.<ref>{{cite web | title=<nowiki>The Astrotest - Correlation</nowiki> | author=Rob Nanninga | publisher=Northern Winter, 1996/97, 15(2), p. 14-20. | url=http://www.skepsis.nl/astrot.html}}</ref> When testing for [[cognitive]], [[behavioral]], [[physical]] and other variables, one study of astrological "[[Astro-twin|time twins]]" showed that human characteristics are not molded by the influence of the Sun, Moon and planets at the time of birth.<ref name="Psi"/><ref name="wimtes">{{cite news |author = Robert Matthews |url = http://www.washtimes.com/world/20030817-105449-9384r.htm |title = Comprehensive study of 'time twins' debunks astrology|publisher = London Daily Telegraph |date = 2003-08-17 |language = English}}</ref> Skeptics of astrology also suggest that the perceived accuracy of astrological interpretations and descriptions of one's personality can be accounted for by the [[Confirmation bias|fact]] that people tend to exaggerate positive 'hits' and overlook whatever does not fit, especially when [[Forer effect|vague language is used]].<ref name="Psi"/> They also argue that statistical research is often wrongly seen as evidence for astrology due to uncontrolled artifacts.<ref>{{cite web | title=Artifacts in data often wrongly seen as evidence for astrology | url=http://www.rudolfhsmit.nl/d-arti2.htm | author=Geoffery Dean}}</ref>
 
==Seeدا alsoهم وګورۍ==
{{portal|Astrology|Astrology Project.gif}}
*[[List of astrologers|Astrologers (list of)]]