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In [[1960]], [[Sony]] introduced its first transistorized radio, small enough to fit in a vest pocket, and able to be powered by a small battery. It was durable, because there were no tubes to burn out. Over the next 20 years, transistors replaced tubes almost completely except for very high-power uses. By 1963 color television was being regularly transmitted commercially, and the first (radio) [[communication satellite]], TELSTAR, was launched. In the late 1960s, the U.S. long-distance telephone network began to convert to a digital network, employing [[digital radio]]s for many of its links. In the 1970s, [[LORAN]] became the premier radio navigation system. Soon, the U.S. Navy experimented with [[satellite navigation]], culminating in the invention and launch of the [[Global Positioning System|GPS]] constellation in 1987. In the early 1990s, [[amateur radio]] experimenters began to use personal computers with audio cards to process radio signals. In 1994, the U.S. Army and [[DARPA]] launched an aggressive, successful project to construct a [[software radio]] that could become a different radio on the fly by changing software. Digital transmissions began to be applied to broadcasting in the late 1990s.

 

 

Early uses were maritime, for sending telegraphic messages using [[Morse code]] between ships and land. The earliest users included the Japanese Navy scouting the Russian fleet during the [[Battle of Tsushima]] in 1905. One of the most memorable uses of marine telegraphy was during the sinking of the [[RMS Titanic|RMS ''Titanic'']] in 1912, including communications between operators on the sinking ship and nearby vessels, and communications to shore stations listing the survivors.