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د '''الجيرياالجزاير د خلکو ډيموکراټيک جمهوريت''' ([[عربي ژبه|عربي]]: '''الجمهورية الجزائرية الديمقراطية الشعبية''') , يا '''الجيريا''' ([[عربي ژبه|عربي]]: '''الجزائر''')، د افريقا په سهېل کې يو هېواد دی چې ولسمشريز نظام لري. دا هېواد د افريقا په لويه وچه کې دوهم لوی هېواد دی. دا هېواد په سهېل ختيځ کې د [[تونېس]] سره، په ختيځ کې د [[ليبيا]] سره، په سوېل ختيځ کې د [[نايجېر]] سره، په سوېل لوېديځ کې د [[مالي]] او [[ماوريتانيا]] او په لوېديځ کې د [[ماراکو]] سره ګډې نړېوالې پولې لري as well as a few kilometers of its annexed territory, [[لوېديځه صحارا]], په لوېديځ کې. [[د الجېريا اساسي قانون|Constitutionally]], it is defined as an [[اسلام]], [[عرب]], او [[آمازيغ]] (بربر) هېواد. د الجېريا نوم د الجزاير د ښار د نوم نه راوتلی دی [[Algiers]], د [[عربي ژبه|عربي]] لغت ''الجزائر''، چې په پښتو ژباړه کې د ''ټاپوګان'' په مانا دی، دا نوم هغه څلورو ټاپوګانو خوا ته اشاره کوي چې د الجزاير د ښار د سمندر غاړې نه په سيند کې تر ۱۵۲۵ زېږيز کال پورې پرتې وې چې بيا وروسته د همدغه هېواد د وچې برخې وګرځېدلې.
[[وېشنيزه:الجزاير]]
== تاريخ ==
{{main|History of Algeria}}
Algeria has been inhabited by [[Berber]]s (or Amazigh) since at least [[10,000 BC]]. From [[1000 BC]] on, the [[Carthage|Carthaginians]] became an influence on them, establishing settlements along the coast. Berber kingdoms began to emerge, most notably [[Numidia]], and seized the opportunity offered by the Punic Wars to become independent of Carthage, only to be taken over soon after by the [[Roman Republic]] in 200 BC. As the western [[Roman Empire]] collapsed, the Berbers became independent again in much of the area, while the [[Vandals]] took over parts until later expelled by the generals of the [[Byzantine Emperor]], [[Justinian I]]. The [[Byzantine Empire]] then retained a precarious grip on the east of the country until the coming of the [[Arab]]s in the [[8th century]].
[[دوتنه:Roman Arch of Trajan at Thamugadi (Timgad), Algeria 04966r.jpg|thumb|left|Roman arch of Trajan at Thamugadi (Timgad), Algeria]]
After some decades of fierce resistance under leaders such as [[Kusayla]] and [[Kahina]], the Berbers adopted [[Islam]] ''en masse'', but almost immediately expelled the [[Caliphate]] from Algeria, establishing an [[Ibadi]] state under the [[Rustamid]]s. Having converted the [[Kutama]] of [[Kabylie]] to its cause, the [[Shia]] [[Fatimid]]s overthrew the Rustamids, and conquered Egypt. They left Algeria and Tunisia to their [[Zirid]] vassals; when the latter rebelled and adopted [[Sunni]]sm, they sent in a populous [[Arab]] tribe, the [[Banu Hilal]], to weaken them, thus incidentally initiating the [[Arabization]] of the countryside. The [[Almoravid]]s and [[Almohad]]s, Berber dynasties from the west founded by religious reformers, brought a period of relative peace and development; however, with the Almohads' collapse, Algeria became a battleground for their three [[successor state]]s, the Algerian [[Zayyanid]]s, Tunisian [[Hafsid]]s, and Moroccan [[Merinid]]s. In the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, [[Spain]] started attacking and taking over many coastal cities, prompting some to seek help from the [[Ottoman Empire]].
Algeria was brought into the Ottoman Empire by [[Khair ad Din|Khair ad-Din]] and his brother [[Aruj]], who established Algeria's modern boundaries in the north and made its coast a base for the [[Privateer|corsairs]]; their privateering peaked in Algiers in the 1600s. Piracy on American vessels in the Mediterranean resulted in the [[First Barbary War|First]] and [[Second Barbary War]] with the [[United States]]. On the pretext of a slight to their consul, the [[France|French]] invaded Algiers in 1830; however, intense resistance from such personalities as [[Emir Abdelkader]], [[Ahmed Bey]] and [[Lalla Fatma N'Soumer|Fatma N'Soumer]] made for a slow conquest of Algeria, not technically completed until the early 1900s when the last [[Tuareg]] were conquered.
[[دوتنه:Constantine Algerien 002.jpg|thumb|left|Constantine, Algeria 1840]]
Meanwhile, however, the French suppressed slavery and made Algeria an integral part of France, a status that would end only with the collapse of the [[French Fourth Republic|Fourth Republic]]. Tens of thousands of settlers from France, Italy, Spain, and Malta moved in to farm the Algerian coastal plain and occupy the most prized parts of Algeria's cities, benefiting from the French government's confiscation of communally held land. People of European descent in Algeria (the so-called ''[[pied-noir|pieds-noirs]]''), as well as the native Algerian Jews, were full French citizens starting from the end of the 19th century; by contrast, the vast majority of Muslim Algerians (even veterans of the French army) remained outside of French law, possessing neither French citizenship nor the right to vote. Algeria's social fabric was stretched to breaking point during this period: literacy dropped massively, while land confiscation uprooted much of the population.
In 1954, the [[National Liberation Front (Algeria)|National Liberation Front]] (FLN) launched the [[guerrilla warfare|guerrilla]] [[Algerian War of Independence]]; after nearly a decade of urban and rural warfare, they succeeded in pushing France out in 1962. Most of the 1,025,000 ''[[pied-noir|pieds-noirs]]'', as well as 91,000 ''[[harki]]s'' (pro-French Muslim Algerians serving in the French Army), together forming about 10% of the population of Algeria in 1962, fled Algeria for France in just a few months in the middle of that year.
[[دوتنه:TheBattleofAlgiers.png|thumb|right|''[[The Battle of Algiers]]'' is a movie about the [[Algerian War of Independence]].]]
Algeria's first president, the FLN leader [[Ahmed Ben Bella]], was overthrown by his former ally and defense minister, [[Houari Boumédiènne]] in 1965. Under Ben Bella the government had already become increasingly socialist and dictatorial, and this trend continued throughout Boumedienne's government; however, Boumedienne relied much more heavily on the army, and reduced the sole legal party to a merely symbolic role. Agriculture was collectivised, and a massive industrialization drive launched. Oil extraction facilities were nationalized and this increased the state's wealth, especially after the 1973 oil crisis, but the Algerian economy became increasingly dependent on oil, bringing hardship when the price collapsed in the 1980s. In foreign policy Algeria was a member and leader of the 'non-aligned' nations. A dispute with Morocco over the [[Western Sahara]] nearly led to war. Dissent was rarely tolerated, and the state's control over the media and the outlawing of political parties other than the FLN was cemented in the repressive constitution of 1976. Boumédienne died in 1978, but the rule of his successor, [[Chadli Bendjedid]], was little more open. The state took on a strongly bureaucratic character and corruption was widespread.
The modernization drive brought considerable demographic changes to Algeria. Village traditions underwent significant change as urbanization increased, new industries emerged, agriculture was substantially reduced, and education, a rarity in colonial times, was extended nationwide, raising the literacy rate from less than 10% to over 60%. Improvements in healthcare led to a dramatic increase in the birthrate (7-8 children per mother) which had two consequences: a very youthful population, and a housing crisis. The new generation struggled to relate to the cultural obsession with the war years and two conflicting protest movements developed: left-wingers, including Berber identity movements, and Islamic 'intégristes'. Both protested against one-party rule but also clashed with each other in universities and on the streets during the 1980s. Mass protests from both camps in autumn 1988 forced Benjedid to concede the end of one-party rule, and elections were announced for 1991.
In December 1991, the [[Islamic Salvation Front]] won the [[Algerian National Assembly elections, 1991|first round]] of the country's first multiparty elections. The military then canceled the second round, forced then-president Bendjedid to resign, and banned the Islamic Salvation Front. The ensuing conflict engulfed Algeria in the violent [[Algerian Civil War]]. More than 100,000 people were killed, often in unprovoked massacres of civilians. The question of who was responsible for these massacres remains controversial among academic observers; many were claimed by the [[Armed Islamic Group]]. After 1998, the war waned, and by 2002 the main guerrilla groups had either been destroyed or surrendered, taking advantage of an amnesty program, though sporadic fighting continued in some areas. Elections resumed in 1995, and in 1999, after a series of short-term leaders representing the military, [[Abdelaziz Bouteflika]], the current president, was elected. The issue of Berber language and identity increased in significance, particularly after the extensive [[Kabyle]] protests of 2001 and the near-total boycott of local elections in [[Kabylie]]; the government responded with concessions including naming of [[Tamazight]] (Berber) as a national language and teaching it in schools.
== سياست ==
{{main|Politics of Algeria}}
The head of state is the [[President of Algeria|President of the republic]], who is elected to a 5-year term, renewable once. Algeria has [[universal suffrage]]. The President is the head of the Council of Ministers and of the High Security Council. He appoints the [[Prime Minister of Algeria|Prime Minister]] who is also the head of government. The Prime Minister appoints the Council of Ministers.
The Algerian [[parliament]] is bicameral, consisting of a lower chamber, the National People's Assembly (APN), with 380 members and an upper chamber, the Council of Nation, with 144 members. The APN is elected every 5 years.
Throughout the 1960's, Algeria supported many independence movements in sub-Saharan Africa, and was a leader in the [[Non-Aligned Movement]]. While it shares much of its history and cultural heritage with neighbouring [[Morocco]], the two countries have had somewhat hostile relations with each other since Algeria's independence. This is due to two reasons: Morocco's [[Greater Morocco|claim to portions of western Algeria]] (which led to the [[Sand war]] in 1963), and Algeria's support for the [[Polisario]], an armed group of [[Sahrawi]] [[refugee]]s seeking [[independence]] for the Moroccan-ruled [[Western Sahara]], which it hosts within its borders in the city of [[Tindouf]]. Tensions between Algeria and Morocco, as well as issues relating to the [[Algerian Civil War]], have put great obstacles in the way of tightening the [[Maghreb Arab Union]], nominally established in 1989 but with little practical weight, with its coastal neighbors.
== ولايتونه ==
{{main|Provinces of Algeria}}
Algeria is divided into 48 ''[[Wilayah|wilayas]]'' ([[provinces]]):-
{|
|-
|
* <small>1</small> [[Adrar (Algerian province)|Adrar]]
* <small>2</small> [[Aïn Defla]]
* <small>3</small> [[Aïn Témouchent]]
* <small>4</small> [[Algiers|Alger]]
* <small>5</small> [[Annaba (province)|Annaba]]
* <small>6</small> [[Batna (province)|Batna]]
* <small>7</small> [[Béchar]]
* <small>8</small> [[Béjaïa (province)|Béjaïa]]
* <small>9</small> [[Biskra (province)|Biskra]]
* <small>10</small> [[Blida]]
* <small>11</small> [[Bordj Bou Arréridj (province)|Bordj Bou Arréridj]]
* <small>12</small> [[Bouira]]
* <small>13</small> [[Boumerdès]]
* <small>14</small> [[Chlef]]
* <small>15</small> [[Constantine, Algeria|Constantine]]
* <small>16</small> [[Djelfa (province)|Djelfa]]
* <small>17</small> [[El Bayadh]]
|
* <small>18</small> [[El Oued (province)|El Oued]]
* <small>19</small> [[El Tarf]]
* <small>20</small> [[Ghardaïa]]
* <small>21</small> [[Guelma]]
* <small>22</small> [[Illizi]]
* <small>23</small> [[Jijel]]
* <small>24</small> [[Khenchela]]
* <small>25</small> [[Laghouat]]
* <small>26</small> [[Mila]]
* <small>27</small> [[Mostaganem (province)|Mostaganem]]
* <small>28</small> [[Medea]]
* <small>29</small> [[Muaskar]]
* <small>30</small> [[M'Sila]]
* <small>31</small> [[Naama]]
* <small>32</small> [[Oran]]
* <small>33</small> [[Ouargla]]
|
* <small>34</small> [[Oum el-Bouaghi]]
* <small>35</small> [[Relizane]]
* <small>36</small> [[Saida (province)|Saida]]
* <small>37</small> [[Sétif]]
* <small>38</small> [[Sidi Bel Abbes]]
* <small>39</small> [[Skikda]]
* <small>40</small> [[Souk Ahras]]
* <small>41</small> [[Tamanrasset]]
* <small>42</small> [[Tébessa]]
* <small>43</small> [[Tiaret]]
* <small>44</small> [[Tindouf Province|Tindouf]]
* <small>45</small> [[Tipaza]]
* <small>46</small> [[Tissemsilt]]
* <small>47</small> [[Tizi Ouzou]]
* <small>48</small> [[Tlemcen]]
|
|[[دوتنه:Algeria provinces numbered.png|right|250px|Map of the provinces of [[Algeria]] in alphabetical order.]]
|}
== جغرافيه ==
{{main|Geography of Algeria}}
[[دوتنه:Algeria map.png|220px|right|Map of Algeria with cities]]
[[دوتنه:Hoggar3.jpg|thumb|left|The [[Ahaggar Mountains|Hoggar]] Mountains]]
Most of the coastal area is hilly, sometimes even mountainous, and there are few good harbours. The area just south of the coast, known as the [[Tell]], is fertile. Further south is the [[Atlas mountains|Atlas mountain]] range and the [[Sahara]] desert. [[Algiers]], [[Oran]] and [[Constantine, Algeria|Constantine]] are the main cities.
Algeria's [[climate]] is arid and hot, although the coastal climate is mild, and the winters in the mountainous areas can be severe. Algeria is prone to [[sirocco]], a hot dust- and sand-laden wind especially common in summer.
''See also'': [[Extreme points of Algeria]]
== اقتصاد ==
{{main|Economy of Algeria}}
[[دوتنه:Unknown origin coin2.JPG|thumb|left|150px|Algerian coins]]
The fossil fuels energy sector is the backbone of the economy, accounting for roughly 60% of budget revenues, 30% of [[Gross domestic product|GDP]], and over 95% of export earnings. Algeria has the fifth-largest reserves of [[natural gas]] in the world and is the second largest gas exporter; it ranks 14th in [[Petroleum]] reserves.
Algeria’s financial and economic indicators improved during the mid-1990s, in part because of policy reforms supported by the IMF and debt rescheduling from the [[Paris Club]]. Algeria’s finances in 2000 and 2001 benefited from an increase in oil prices and the government’s tight fiscal policy, leading to a large increase in the trade surplus, record highs in foreign exchange reserves, and reduction in foreign debt. The government's continued efforts to diversify the economy by attracting foreign and domestic investment outside the energy sector has had little success in reducing high unemployment and improving living standards. In 2001, the government signed an Association Treaty with the [[European Union]] that will eventually lower tariffs and increase trade.
== Demographics ==
[[دوتنه:Algiers coast.jpg|thumb|[[Algiers]] coast]]
{{main|Demographics of Algeria}}
About 90% of Algerians live in the northern, coastal area; the minority who inhabit the [[Sahara desert]] are mainly concentrated in [[oasis|oases]], although some 1.5 million remain [[nomad]]ic or partly nomadic.
Ninety-nine percent of the population is classified ethnically as [[Arab]]/[[Berber]], and religiously as [[Muslim]]; other religions are restricted to extremely small groups, mainly of foreigners. Europeans account for less than 1%.
Most Algerians are Arab by language and identity, and of mixed Berber-Arab ancestry. The Berbers inhabited Algeria before the arrival of Arab tribes during the expansion of Islam, in the 7th century. The issue of ethnicity and language is sensitive after many years of government marginalization of Berber (or [[Amazigh]], as some prefer) culture. Today, the Arab-Berber issue is often a case of self-identification or identification through language and culture, rather than a racial or ethnic distinction. The 20% or so of the population who self-identify as Berbers, and primarily speak Berber languages (such as [[Tamazight]]), are divided into several ethnic groups, notably [[Kabyle]] (the largest) in the mountainous north-central area, [[Chaoui]] in the eastern [[Atlas Mountains]], [[Mozabite]]s in the [[M'zab]] valley, and [[Tuareg]] in the far south.
== ژبه ==
{{main|Languages of Algeria}}
The [[official language]] is [[Arabic language|Arabic]], spoken natively in dialectal form ("[[Algerian Arabic|Darja]]") by some 80% of the population; the other 20% or so speak [[Berber]] ([[Tamazight]]), officially a [[national language]]. [[French language|French]] is the most widely studied foreign language (distantly followed by [[English language|English]]), but is very rare as a [[native language]]. Since independence, the government has pursued a policy of linguistic [[Arabization]] of education and bureaucracy, with some success, although many university courses continue to be taught in French.
== کلتور/فرهڼ ==
[[دوتنه:Algiers mosque.jpg|thumb|[[Mosque]] in Algiers]]
{{main|Culture of Algeria}}
Modern Algerian literature, split between Arabic and French, has been strongly influenced by the country's recent history. [[List of Algerian writers|Famous novelists]] of the 20th century include [[Mohammed Dib]] and [[Kateb Yacine]], while [[Assia Djebar]] is widely translated. Important novelists of the 1980s included [[Rachid Mimouni]], later vice-president of Amnesty International, and [[Tahar Djaout]], murdered by an [[Islamist]] group in 1993 for his secularist views. As early as Roman times, [[Apuleius]], born in [[Mdaourouch]], was native to what would become Algeria.
In philosophy and the humanities, [[Malek Bennabi]] and [[Frantz Fanon]] are noted for
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