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غزنوي واكمني له ۹۷۶زېږيز كال څخه نيولې تر ۱۱۸۶ز پورې غزېږي. ددې واكمنۍ پلازمېنه د افغانستان د غزني ښار ؤ. ددې لړۍ نامتو واكمن سلطان محمود غزنوي ؤ، چې پر هندوستان يې ۱۷ ځلې بريد وكړ او په هرځلې بريالې راووت. د سومنات جګړه يې ډېره مشهوره ده، چې پدې جګړه كې يې د سومنات بت ونړاوه او ځان يېپه تاريخ كې د بت شكن په نامه ثبت كړ.
The '''Ghaznavid Empire''' was a [[Greater Khorasan|<u>Kh</u>orāṣānian]]<ref name="EI">[[Clifford Edmund Bosworth|C.E. Bosworth]], ''"Ghaznavids"'', in [[Encyclopaedia of Islam]], Online Edition; Brill, Leiden; 2006/2007</ref> [[Sunni]] [[Muslim]] state,<ref name="EIr">C.E. Bosworth: The Ghaznavids. Edinburgh, 1963</ref><ref>[[Clifford Edmund Bosworth|C.E. Bosworth]], ''"Ghaznavids"'', in [[Encyclopaedia Iranica]], Online Edition 2006, ([http://www.iranica.com/articles/v10f6/v10f608.html LINK])</ref> founded by a dynasty of [[Turkic peoples|Turkic]] ''[[mamluk]]''<ref name="EIr" /> origin, which existed from [[975]] to [[1187]]. It was centered in [[Ghazni|Ghazna]], and ruled much of [[Persia]], [[Transoxania]], and the northern parts of the [[Indian subcontinent]].
The dynasty was founded by [[Sebük Tigin|Sebuktigin]] upon his succession to rule of territories centered aound the city of [[Ghazni|Ghazna]] from his father-in-law [[Alp Tigin]]; a break-away ex-general of the Ṣāmānī sultans.<ref name="EB">Encyclopedia Britannica, ''Ghaznavid Dynasty'', Online Edition 2007 ([http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9036676/Ghaznavid-Dynasty LINK])</ref> Due to the political and cultural influence of their predecessors - that of the [[Persian people|Persian]] [[Samanids|Ṣāmānī dynasty]] - the originally Turkic Ghaznavids had become thoroughly [[Persianization|Persianized]].<ref name="Shahrbanu">M.A. Amir-Moezzi, ''"Shahrbanu"'', [[Encyclopaedia Iranica]], Online Edition, ([http://www.iranica.com/newsite/articles/ot_grp7/ot_shahrbanu_20050131.html LINK]): ''"... here one might bear in mind that non-Persian dynasties such as the Ghaznavids, Saljuqs and Ilkhanids were rapidly to adopt the Persian language and have their origins traced back to the ancient kings of Persia rather than to Turkish heroes or Muslim saints ..."''</ref><ref name="EI">[[Clifford Edmund Bosworth|C.E. Bosworth]], ''"Ghaznavids"'', in [[Encyclopaedia of Islam]], Online Edition; Brill, Leiden; 2006/2007</ref><ref name="EIr" /><ref name="E.Yar.">[http://www.iranica.com/newsite/articles/v13f3/v13f3001b.html Encyclopaedia Iranica, Iran: Islamic Period - Ghaznavids, E. Yarshater]</ref> Sebuktigin's son, [[Mahmud of Ghazni|Shah Mahmoud]], expanded the empire in the region that stretched from the [[Oxus river]] to the [[Indus Valley]] and the [[Indian Ocean]]; and in the west it reached [[Rayy]] and [[Hamadan]]. Under the reign of [[Mas'ud I of Ghazni|Mas'ud I]] it experienced major territorial losses. It lost its western territories to the [[Seljuk dynasty|Seljuqs]] in the [[Battle of Dandanaqan]] resulting in a restriction of its holdings to [[Afghanistan]], [[Balochistan (region)|Balochistan]] and the [[Punjab region|Punjab]]. In [[1151]], Sultan Bahram Shah lost Ghazni to Ala'uddin Hussain of [[Ghurids|Ghor]] and the capital was moved to [[Lahore]] until its subsequent capture by the [[Ghurids]] in 1186.
== غزنوي واكمني ==
محمود له كوشنيوالي څخه زړور ؤ، او له پلار سره په ډېرو جګړو كې ملګرې ؤ. واك ته له رسېدو سره سم يې د واكمنۍ په سمبالولو لګيا شو. لومړې يې داخلي اړودوړ كرار كړ، او بيا د واكمنۍ پراخولو پسې شو. شمال كې يې خوارزم او بخارا ونيوله، او د سمرقند د علاقې وړو، وړو واكمنو دده اطاعت ومانه. لومړې يې د بخار سمرقند، كاشغر چې د ايلك خاني واكمنو تر ولكې لاندې ؤ ترخپلې واكمنۍ لاندې راوستل، او خوارزم كې يو كوشنې خپلواكه واكمني چې د آل مامون په نامه چلېده هغه يې هم له منځه يوړه. سوېل كې يې د رې، اصفهان او همدان چې د بني بويه تر ولكې لانې ول، فتحه كړل. ختيځ كې يې تقريبا هغه ټولې سيمې ونيولې چې نن سبا د پاكستان په نامه يادېږي.
محمود د عدل او انصاف او پوهې او ادب خوښوونكې ؤ. دده په پېر كې د وخت نامتو شاعران او اديبان لكه فردوسي او البېروني ژوند كاوه او دده په دربار كې اوسېدل.
Two military families arose from the [[Turkic peoples|Turkic]] Slave-Guards of the [[Samanids]] — the Simjurids and Ghaznavids — who ultimately proved disastrous to the Samanids. The [[Simjurids]] received an appanage in the [[Kohistan District, Afghanistan|Khohistan]] region of eastern [[Greater Khorasan|Khorasan]]. [[Alptigin|Alp Tigin]] founded the Ghaznavid fortunes when he established himself at Ghazna (modern [[Ghazni]], [[Afghanistan]]) in 962. He and [[Abu al-Hasan Simjuri]], as [[Samanid]] generals, competed with each other for the governorship of [[Khorasan]] and control of the Samanid empire by placing on the throne [[emir]]s they could dominate when [[Abdul Malik I of Samanid]] died in 961. But when the [[Samanid]] Emir [[Abdul Malik I of Samanid|Abdul Malik I]] died in 961 CE it created a succession crisis between Abdul Malik's brothers. A court party instigated by men of the scribal class—civilian ministers as contrasted with Turkic generals—rejected Alp Tigin's candidate for the Samanid throne. [[Mansur I of Samanid|Mansur I]] was installed, and Alp Tigin prudently retired to his fief of Ghazna. The Simjurids enjoyed control of Khorasan south of the [[Oxus]] but were hard-pressed by a third great Iranian dynasty, the [[Buwayhid]]s, and were unable to survive the collapse of the Samanids and the rise of the Ghaznavids.
[[دوتنه:MassudOfGhazniCoin.jpg|thumb|Coinage of [[Mas'ud I of Ghazni]], derived from [[Shahi]] designs, with the name of Mas'ud in Arabic.]]
[[دوتنه:Carafe Iran.JPG|thumb|right|Ghaznavid era art: Free-blown, wheel-cut [[carafe]]s. First half of 11th century. Excavated at ''Teppe Madraseh'', [[Nishapur]], [[Iran]]. New York Metropolitan Museum of Art.]]
The struggles of the Turkic slave generals for mastery of the throne with the help of shifting allegiance from the court's ministerial leaders both demonstrated and accelerated the Samanid decline. Samanid weakness attracted into [[Transoxania]] the [[Qarluq]] [[Turkic peoples|Turks]], who had recently converted to Islam. They occupied Bukhara in 992 to establish in Transoxania the [[Qarakhanid]], or Ilek Khanid, dynasty. Alp Tigin had been succeeded at Ghazna by Sebüktigin (died 997). [[Sabuktigin|Sebüktigin]]'s son [[Mahmud of Ghazni|Mahmud]] made an agreement with the Qarakhanids whereby the Oxus was recognized as their mutual boundary.
== Domination ==
{{HistoryOfSouthAsia}}
[[Sebük Tigin|Saboktekin]] made himself lord of nearly all the present territory of [[Afghanistan]] and of the [[Punjab region|Punjab]] by conquest of [[Samanid]] and [[Shahi]] lands. In [[997]], [[Mahmud of Ghaznavid|Mahmud]], the son of Sebük Tigin, succeeded his father upon his death, and with him Ghazni and the Ghaznavid dynasty have become perpetually associated. He completed the conquest of [[Samanid]], [[Shahi]] lands, the [[Ismaili]] Kingdom of [[Multan]], [[Sindh]] as well as some Buwayhid territory. Under him all accounts was the golden age and the height of the Ghaznevid Empire. Mahmud carried out seventeen expeditions through northern [[India]] establishing his control and setting up tributary states. His raids also resulted in the looting of a great deal of plunder. From the borders of [[Kurdistan]] to [[Samarkand]], from the [[Caspian Sea]] to the [[Yamuna]], he established his authority.
The wealth brought back from the Indian expeditions to Ghazni was enormous, and contemporary historians (e.g. [[Abolfazl Beyhaghi]], [[Ferdowsi]]) give glowing descriptions of the magnificence of the capital, as well as of the conquerors munificent support of literature. Mahmud died in ([[1030]]). Even though there was some revival of importance under Ibrahim (1059-1099), the empire never reached anything like the same splendor and power. It was soon overshadowed by the [[Seljuqs]] of [[Iran]].
== زوال ==
د سلطان محمود زوى، سلطان مسعود په وروستي وخت كې د منځني اسيا سلجوقي تركانو د غزنوي واكمنۍ شمالي او لوېديځې برخې تر خپلې ولكې لاندې راوستې. نو پدې وخت كې يواځې د غزنوي واكمنۍ سره ختيځ افغانستان او د ننني پاكستان سيمې پاتې شوې.
Mahmud's son [[Mas'ud I of Ghazni|Mas'ud]] was unable to preserve the empire and following a disastrous defeat at the [[Battle of Dandanaqan]] in ([[1040]]) lost all the Ghaznavid lands in [[Iran]] and [[Central Asia]] to the Seljuks and plunged the realm into a "Time of troubles".<ref name="EB"/><ref name="Iranica">Encyclopedia Iranica, ''Ghaznavids'', Edmund Bosworth, Online Edition 2007, ([http://www.iranica.com/newsite/articles/v10f6/v10f608.html LINK])</ref> Mas'ud's son Ibrahim who re-established a truncated empire on a firmer basis by arriving at a peace agreement with the Seljuks and a restoration of cultural and political linkages.<ref name="Iranica"/> Under Ibrahim and his successors saw a period of sustained tranquility for the empire. Shorn of it's western land it was increasingly sustained by riches accrued from raids across Northern India where it faced stiff resistance from [[Rajput]] rulers such as the [[Paramara]] of [[Malwa]] and the [[Gahadvala]] of [[Kannauj]].<ref name="Iranica"/> Signs of weakness in the state became apparent when Masud III died in [[1115]] with internal strife between his sons ending with the ascension of Sultan Bahram Shah as a Seljuk Vassal.<ref name="Iranica"/> Sultan Bahram Shah, was the last Ghaznavid King ruling [[Ghazni|Ghazna]], the first and main Ghaznavid capital. Ala'uddin Hussain, a [[Ghorid]] King, conquered the city of Ghazni in 1151, for the revenge of his brother's death. He razed all the city, and burned it for 7 days, after which he got famous as ''"Jahānsoz"'' (''World Burner''). Ghazni was restored to the Ghaznavids by the intervention of the Seljuks who came to Behrams aid.<ref name="Iranica"/> Ghaznavid struggles with the Ghurids continued in the subsequent years as they nibbled away at Ghaznavid territory and Ghazni and [[Zabulistan]] was lost a group of [[Oghuz]] Turks before captured by the Gurids.<ref name="Iranica"/> Ghaznavid power in northern [[India]] continued until the conquest of [[Lahore]] from Khusrau Malik in 1186.<ref name="Iranica"/>
== Legacy ==
The Ghaznevid Empire was the first significant Islamic empire in Central Asia{{Fact|date=August 2007}} and marked a break of political control from the [[Abassids]] and [[Baghdad]]. The Ghaznavid empire grew to cover much of present-day [[Iran]], [[Afghanistan]], and northwest [[India]] and [[Pakistan]], and the Ghaznavids are generally credited with launching Islam into [[Hindu]]-dominated India. In addition to the wealth accumulated through raiding Indian cities, and exacting tribute from Indian [[Raja]]s the Ghaznavids also benefited from their position as an intermediary along the trade routes between [[China]] and the [[Mediterranean]]. They were however unable to hold power for long and by 1040 the [[Seljuk Turks|Seljuks]] had taken over their [[Persian Empire|Persian]] domains and a century later the [[Ghurids]] took over their remaining sub-continental lands.
== بنسټ اېښودنه ==
كله چې د ساماني واكمني كمزورې شوه او واليانو يې د خپلواكۍ اعلان وكړ، نو لدې ډلې څخه يو هم سبكتګين (۳۶۶هـ تر ۳۸۷هـ) ؤ، چې نني افغانستان د پلازمېنې سوېل لورې ته د غزني ولايت په ۳۶۶هجري سپوږميز كال د يو خپلواك دولت په توګه اعلان كړ.
* [[په هندوستان کې اسلامي سلطنت]]
== پايڅوړ ==
{{reflist|2}}
== نورې لوستنې ==
* C.E. Bosworth: ''The Ghaznavids''. Edinburgh, 1963
* M. Ismail Marcinkowski, ''Persian Historiography and Geography: Bertold Spuler on Major Works Produced in [[Iran]], the [[Caucasus]], [[Central Asia]], [[India]] and Early [[Ottoman Turkey]], with a foreword by Professor Clifford Edmund Bosworth'', member of the [[British Academy]], Singapore: Pustaka Nasional, 2003, ISBN 9971-77-488-7.
== باندنۍ تړنې ==
* [http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/people/A0831222.html Columbia Encyclopedia (Sixth Edition) - Mahmud of Ghazna]
* [http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9050135/Mahmud Encylopaedia Britannica (Online Edition) - Mahmud]
* [http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9036676/Ghaznavid-Dynasty Encyclopaedia Britannica (Online Edition) - Ghaznavid Dynasty]
* [http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-14003/Central-Asian-arts Encyclopaedia Britannica (Online Edition) - Ghaznavids and Ghurids]
* [http://orbat.com/site/cimh/kings_master/kings/mahmud_ghaznavi/Mahmud%20Ghaznavi.html Mahmud Ghaznavi's 17 invasions of India]
* Elliot, Sir H. M., Edited by Dowson, John. [[The History of India, as Told by Its Own Historians. The Muhammadan Period]]; published by London Trubner Company 1867–1877. (Online Copy: [http://persian.packhum.org/persian/index.jsp?serv=pf&file=80201010&ct=0 The History of India, as Told by Its Own Historians. The Muhammadan Period; by Sir H. M. Elliot; Edited by John Dowson; London Trubner Company 1867–1877] - Online version posted by: The Packard Humanities Institute; Persian Texts in Translation)
* {{1911}}
[[وېشنيزه:د غزنويانو سلطنت| ]]
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