د "سورینام" د بڼو تر مېنځ توپير

Content deleted Content added
FoxBot (خبرې اترې | ونډې)
و r2.6.5) (روباټ زیاتول: or:ସରିନମ
W.Kaleem (خبرې اترې | ونډې)
د سمون لنډیز نسته
۱ کرښه:
'''سورينام''' چې په رسمي توګه '''د سورينام ولسمشريزه''' ده د [[سوېلي امريکا]] په شمال کې پروت یو هېواد دی.
{{ژباړل}}
{{هېواد-مالوماتبکس
|ولسي نوم = ''Republiek Suriname'' {{nl icon}}
|اوږد دوديز نوم = د سورينام جمهوريت
|ټولګړی نوم = سورينام
|image_flag = Flag of Suriname.svg
|image_coat = Coat of arms of Suriname.svg
|national_motto = ''Justitia - Pietas - Fides''{{nbsp|2}}<small>{{la icon}}<br />"Justice - Duty - Loyalty"</small>
|image_map = Suriname (orthographic projection).svg
|national_anthem = ''[[God zij met ons Suriname]]'' {{nbsp|2}}<small>{{nl icon}}<br />''('God be with our Suriname')''</small>
|official_languages = [[Dutch language|Dutch]]
|regional_languages = [[Sranan Tongo]], [[Hindi]], [[English language|English]], [[Sarnami]], [[Javanese language|Javanese]], [[Malay language|Malay]], [[Bhojpuri]], [[Hakka Chinese|Hakka]], [[Yue Chinese|Cantonese]], [[Saramaccan]], [[Paramaccan]], [[Ndyuka (language)|Ndyuka]], [[Kwinti]], [[Matawai language|Matawai]], [[Cariban]], [[Arawakan]]
[[carib language|Kalina]]{{Citation needed|date=October 2008}}
|demonym = Surinamese
|capital = [[Paramaribo]]
|latd=5 |latm=50 |latNS=N |longd=55 |longm=10 |longEW=W
|government_type = [[Constitutional democracy]]
|leader_title1 = [[President of Suriname|President]]
|leader_name1 = [[Dési Bouterse]]
|largest_city = [[Paramaribo]]
|area_km2 = 163,821
|area_sq_mi = 63,251 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]-->
|area_rank = 91st
|area_magnitude = 1 E11
|percent_water Mariah Dork = 1.1
|population_estimate = 481,267<ref name=cia>{{Cite web|author=Central Intelligence Agency |authorlink=Central Intelligence Agency |publisher=[[The World Factbook]]|title=Suriname |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ns.html |year=2009|accessdate=23 January 2010}}</ref>
|population_estimate_year = July 2009
|population_estimate_rank = 167th
|population_census = 456,829<ref>[http://unstats.un.org/unsd/censuskb/attachments/Suriname-2004Census-Evaluation-GUID02905b7619cc40b49172b828033b2196.pdf Suriname Population] UN Stats. Pg. 47, Appendix 1. Retrieved 26 June 2009.</ref><!--DO ''not'' CHANGE UNTIL THE NEXT CENSUS-->
|population_census_year = 2004 <!--DO ''not'' CHANGE UNTIL THE NEXT CENSUS-->
|population_density_km2 = 2.9
|population_density_sq_mi = 7.6 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]-->
|population_density_rank = 231st
|GDP_PPP_year = 2009
|GDP_PPP = $4.510 billion<ref name=imf2>{{Cite web|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2010/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=2007&ey=2010&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=366&s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC%2CLP&grp=0&a=&pr1.x=38&pr1.y=10 |title=Suriname|publisher=International Monetary Fund|accessdate=2010-04-21}}</ref>
|GDP_PPP_rank =
|GDP_PPP_per_capita = $8,642<ref name=imf2/>
|GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank =
|GDP_nominal = $2.962 billion<ref name=imf2/>
|GDP_nominal_year = 2009
|GDP_nominal_per_capita = $5,675<ref name=imf2/>
|HDI_year = 2007
|HDI = {{increase}} 0.769<ref name="UN">{{Cite web|url=http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/HDR_2009_EN_Complete.pdf|title=Human Development Report 2009. Human development index trends: Table G|publisher=The United Nations|accessdate=2009-10-18}}</ref>
|HDI_rank = 97th
|HDI_category = <span style="color:#fc0;">medium</span>
|sovereignty_type = [[Independence]]
|sovereignty_note = From the [[Netherlands]]
|established_event1 = Date
|established_date1 = 25 November 1975
|currency = [[Surinamese dollar]]
|currency_code = SRD
|time_zone = ART
|utc_offset = -3
|time_zone_DST = ''not observed''
|utc_offset_DST = -3
|drives_on = [[Suriname#Transport|left]]
|cctld = [[.sr]]
|calling_code = 597
|footnotes = Suriname's [[ISO 3166]] code is [[ISO 3166-2:SR|SR]]
}}
 
'''Suriname''', officially the '''Republiek Suriname''', is a country in northern [[South America]]. Other common names are '''Surinam''' or '''Sranang'''. It was [[Geographical renaming|formerly known as]] Nederlands Guyana, ''[[Netherlands]] Guiana'' or ''Dutch Guiana''. It lies in between [[French Guiana]] to the east and [[ګيانا]] to the west. The southern border is shared with [[برازيل]] and the northern border is the [[Atlantic Ocean|Atlantic]] coast. The most southern parts of the borders with Guyana and French Guiana are disputed (upper [[Courantyne River|Corantijn]] and [[Maroni River|Marowijne]] rivers—the map shows the Guyana and French Guiana versions of the border).
 
== تاريخ ==
{{main|History of Suriname}}
 
Though [[Netherlands|Dutch]] traders had established several colonies in the [[Guyanas]] region before around [[1600]], the Dutch did not gain full control of what is now Suriname until the [[Treaty of Breda]], which marked the end of the [[Second Anglo-Dutch War]]. The Netherlands traded [[Manhattan]], in the current state of [[New York]], for [[Suriname]].
 
In 1883 native people of Suriname were taken to Amsterdam and placed in [[human zoos]] for the International Colonial and Export Exhibition, held behind the [[Rijksmuseum]].
 
After becoming an autonomous part of the [[Kingdom of the Netherlands]] in [[1954]], [[independence]] was granted in [[1975]]. A [[Military dictatorship|military regime]] led by [[Dési Bouterse]] ruled the country in the [[1980s]], until [[democracy]] was restored.
 
== سياست ==
<!--Please add new information into relevant articles of the series-->
{{morepolitics|country=Suriname}}
Suriname is a [[democracy]] based on the 1987 [[constitution]]. The government's [[legislative branch]] is the National Assembly, consisting of 51 members. These members are elected every five years.
 
The National Assembly elects the head of the [[executive branch]], the president, by a two-third majority. If no candidate achieves such a majority, the president is elected by the People's Assembly, an 869-member institute consisting of the National Assembly and regional representatives.
 
Suriname is a full & participating member of the [[Caribbean Community]] (CARICOM).
 
== اداري وېشنې ==
{{main|Districts of Suriname}}
 
Suriname is divided into ten [[district]]s:
* [[Brokopondo]]
* [[Commewijne District|Commewijne]]
* [[Coronie]]
* [[Marowijne District|Marowijne]]
* [[Nickerie District|Nickerie]]
* [[Para District|Para]]
* [[Paramaribo District|Paramaribo]]
* [[Saramacca District|Saramacca]]
* [[Sipaliwini]]
* [[Wanica]]
 
Suriname is further subdivided into 62 ''ressorts''.
 
== جغرافيه ==
[[دوتنه:Suriname-CIA_WFB_Map_(2004).png|thumb|Map of Suriname]]
{{main|Geography of Suriname}}
 
Suriname is the smallest independent country in [[South America]]. Situated on the [[Guiana]] [[Shield (geography)|Shield]], the country can be divided into two main geographic regions. The northern, lowland coastal area (roughly above the line Albina-Paranam-Wageningen) has been cultivated, and most of the population lives here. The southern part consists of tropical [[rainforest]] and sparsely inhabited [[savanna]] along the [[border]] with [[Brazil]], covering about 80% of Suriname's land surface.
 
There are two main mountain ranges in Suriname: the Bakhuis Mountains and the Van Asch Van Wijck Mountains. [[Julianatop]] is the highest mountain in the country at 1,286 [[metre]]s (4,219&nbsp;ft) above [[sea level]]. Other mountains include [[Tafelberg (mountain)|Tafelberg]] (1,026&nbsp;[[metre|m]]; 3,366&nbsp;[[foot (unit of length)|ft]]), [[Mount Kasikasima]] (718&nbsp;m; 2,356&nbsp;ft), [[Goliathberg]] (358&nbsp;m; 1,174&nbsp;ft) and [[Voltzberg]] (240&nbsp;m; 787&nbsp;ft).
 
Lying near the [[equator]], Suriname has a [[tropical climate]], and temperatures do not vary a lot throughout the year. The year has two [[wet season]]s, from December to early February and from late April to mid-August.
 
Located in the northeast portion of the country is the [[W.J. van Blommestein Meer]], one of the largest reservoir lakes in the world. It was created in [[1964]] by the Afobakka [[dam]] (Brokopondo project), built to provide [[hydro power]] for the [[bauxite]] industry (which consumes about 75% of the output) and for domestic consumption.
 
In the upper [[Coppename River]] [[drainage basin|watershed]], the [[Central Suriname Nature Reserve]] is a UNESCO [[World Heritage Site]] cited for its unspoiled rainforest [[biodiversity]]. There are many national parks in the country: Galibi National Reserve, Coppename Manding National Park and Wia Wia NR along the coast, Brownsberg NR, Raleighvallen/Voltzeberg NR, Tafelberg NR and Eilerts de Haan NP in the centre and the Sipaliwani NR on the Brazilian border. In all, 12% of the country's land area are national parks and lakes.
 
== اقتصاد ==
{{main|Economy of Suriname}}
 
The [[economics|economy]] of Suriname is dominated by the [[bauxite]] industry, which accounts for more than 15 % of [[Gross domestic product|GDP]] and 70 % of export earnings. Other main export products include [[sugar]], and Suriname has some [[Petroleum|oil]] and [[gold]] reserves. About a quarter of the people work in the [[agriculture|agricultural]] sector. The Surinamese economy is very dependent on other countries, with its main trade partners being the [[Netherlands]], the [[United States]] and countries in the [[Caribbean]].
 
After assuming power in the fall of [[1996]], the [[Jules Albert Wijdenbosch|Wijdenbosch]] government ended the [[structural adjustment]] program of the previous government, claiming it was unfair to the poorer elements of society. [[Tax]] revenues fell as old taxes lapsed and the government failed to implement new tax alternatives. By the end of [[1997]], the allocation of new Dutch development funds was frozen as Surinamese Government relations with the Netherlands deteriorated. Economic growth slowed in [[1998]], with decline in the [[mining]], [[construction]], and [[utility sector]]s. Rampant government expenditures, poor tax collection, a bloated civil service, and reduced foreign aid in [[1999]] contributed to the fiscal deficit, estimated at 11% of GDP. The government sought to cover this deficit through monetary expansion, which led to a dramatic increase in [[inflation]] and [[exchange rate]] depreciation.
 
== Demographics ==
{{main|Demographics of Suriname}}
 
Suriname's population of 438,144 (July 2005 est.) is made up of several distinct ethnic groups. East Indians (known locally as Hindustanis) form the largest group at 37% of the population. They are descendants of [[19th century]] immigrants from [[India]]. They are from the Indian states of [[Bihar]] and Eastern [[Uttar Pradesh]], in Northern India, along the [[Nepal]]ese border. The Creoles, mixed white and black, form about 31%, while the [[Javanese]] ("imported" from the former [[Dutch East Indies]]) make up 15%. [[Maroon (slavery)|Maroons]] (descendants of escaped [[Africa]]n slaves) make up 10% and are divided into five main groups: Aucans, Kwinti, Matawi, Paramaccans and Saramaccans. [[Indigenous Peoples of the Americas|Amerindians]] form 3% of the population (some say as low as 1%), the main groups being the [[Akuriyo]], [[Arawak]], [[Carib]]/[[Kaliña]], [[Trío]] and [[Wayana]]. The remainder is formed by [[China|Chinese]], Europeans, and [[Brazilian]] immigrant workers that have arrived in Suriname in recent times. A small [[Jewish]] community composed of several families, descendants of [[Sephardim]] who had earlier fled from Iberia to the Netherlands, also inhabit the country. They previously operated an autonomous region of Suriname called the "[[Jodensavanne]]".
 
Because of the great number of ethnic groups in the country, there is no one main religion. Most of the Hindustani are [[Hinduism|Hindu]], but [[Islam]] and [[Christianity]] are also practised by them. Christianity is dominant among Creoles and [[Maroon (slavery)|Maroons]].
 
[[Dutch language|Dutch]] is the official language of Suriname. The Surinamese also speak their own languages: [[Sranang Tongo]] (also known as Surinaams). This is a mix of several languages. Mainly Dutch, but also English, Portuguese and French, and the local languages. With a little effort, a lot of European people can recognize some words of it. [[Javanese language|Javanese]], [[Indonesian language|Indonesian]], and others. Also, the original [[Carib languages|Carib]] and [[Arawakan languages|Arawak]] Amerindians of Suriname speak their own languages, as do the Maroons; [[Ndyuka|Aucan]] (n'Djuka or Ndjukas) and [[Saramaccan language|Saramaccan]]. The second largest language of the nation is [[Hindustani|Sarnami Hindustani]], a form of [[Bihari languages|Bihari]], which is a dialect of modern India's [[Hindi]] language. Additionally, [[English language|English]] and [[Spanish language|Spanish]] are also widely used, especially at tourist-oriented facilities or shops.
 
The vast majority of people (about 90%) live in Paramaribo or on the coast. There is also a significant Surinamese population in the [[Netherlands]]. In 2004 there were 321,000 Surinamese people living in the Netherlands, which is about 2% of the total population of the Netherlands.
 
== فرهڼ ==
[[دوتنه:Water-front houses in Paramaibo, 1955.jpg|thumb|right|150px|right|Water-front houses in Paramaribo, 1955]]
 
Due to the mix of population groups, the Surinamese culture is very diverse.
* [[Hinduism in South America#Hinduism in Suriname|Hinduism in Suriname]]
* [[Islam in Suriname]]
* [[Music of Suriname]]
 
== Trivia ==
* The [[1962]] film ''The Spiral Road'', directed by [[Robert Mulligan]] and starring [[Rock Hudson]], was filmed in Suriname (then Dutch Guiana).
* Chapter 19 of [[Voltaire]]'s classic ''[[Candide]]'' is set in Suriname.
* Suriname has provided many of the greatest footballers to represent the [[Netherlands]], such as [[Frank Rijkaard]], [[Ruud Gullit]], [[Patrick Kluivert]], [[Clarence Seedorf]], [[Aron Winter]] and [[Edgar Davids]]. Davids in particular has written of his passionate pride in his [[Surinamese]] heritage and his love of attending football matches there.
* A [[European]] [[mercenary]] called [[Karl Penta]] organised a successful campaign to destabilise the military regime that ruled Suriname under the dictator, [[Dési Bouterse]].
* [[Anthony Nesty]] is the only Surinamer to win a medal (for swimming) at the [[Olympic Games|Olympics]].
* In the film ''[[Silence of the Lambs]]'' Suriname is mentioned as the source of a shipment of butterflies.
 
== بېلابېل سرليکونه ==
 
* [[Boy Scouts van Suriname]]
* [[Foreign relations of Suriname]]
* [[List of cities in Suriname]]
* [[Military of Suriname]]
* [[Transportation in Suriname]]
* [http://www.toplumpostasi.net/index.php/cat/9/col/85/art/1008/PageName/English The World of Surinam]
 
== سورينامي فوټبالران ==
 
* [[Winston Bogarde]]
* [[Edgar Davids]]
* [[Jimmy Floyd Hasselbaink]]
* [[Patrick Kluivert]]
* [[Ruud Gullit]]
* [[Frank Rijkaard]]
* [[Clarence Seedorf]]
 
== باندنۍ تړنې ==
{{sisterlinks|Suriname}}
[[دوتنه:Tailor's shop, Paramaibo, 1955.jpg|thumb|150px|right|Tailor's shop, Paramaribo, 1955]]
* [http://www.kabinet.sr.org/ Cabinet of the president of the republic Suriname] - (In Dutch)
* [http://www.britannica.com/nations/Suriname Encyclopaedia Britannica - Suriname Country Page](In English)
* [http://www.dna.sr/ The Suriname National Assembly] (In Dutch)
* [http://www.suriname.nu ANDA Suriname] - Surinamese portal (in Dutch)
* [http://dmoz.org/Regional/South_America/Suriname Open Directory Project - Suriname] directory category
* [http://www.statoids.com/usr.html Suriname's entry in Statoids]
* [http://www.cbvs.sr/english/index.html Suriname's Central Bank]
* {{CIA_World_Factbook_link|ns|Suriname}}
 
{{maplr|6|-55|Suriname}}
* [http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/suriname.html Perry-Castañeda Library Map Collection]
 
{{Former Dutch colonies}}
{{South America}}
{{Caricom}}
 
[[وېشنيزه:سورېنام| ]]