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=== لودیځه فلسفه ===

 

==== Greco-Roman philosophy ====

Ancient Greek philosophy is typically divided into the [[Pre-Socratic philosophy|pre-Socratic Period]], the Socratic period, and the post-Aristotelian period. The pre-Socratic period was characterized by metaphysical speculation, often preserved in the form of grand, sweeping statements, such as "All is fire", or "All changes". Important pre-Socratic philosophers include [[Thales]], [[Anaximander]], [[Anaximenes of Miletus|Anaximenes]], [[Democritus]], [[Parmenides]], and [[Heraclitus]]. The Socratic period is named in honor of the most recognizable figure in Western philosophy, [[Socrates]], who, along with his pupil [[Plato]], revolutionized philosophy through the use of the [[Socratic method]], which developed the very general philosophical methods of [[definition]], [[Analysis (philosophy)|analysis]], and [[synthesis]]. While Socrates wrote nothing himself, his influence as a "skeptic" survives through Plato's works. Plato's writings are often considered basic texts in philosophy as they defined the fundamental issues of philosophy for future generations. These issues and others were taken up by [[Aristotle]], who studied at Plato's school, the [[Academy]], and who often disagreed with the writings of Plato. The post-Aristotelian period ushered in such philosophers as [[Euclid]], [[Epicurus]], [[Chrysippus]], [[Pyrrho]], and [[Sextus Empiricus]]. A woman philosopher of the Ancient period is [[Hipparchia the Cynic]], who flourished around 300 B.C.