د "درملپوهنه" د بڼو تر مېنځ توپير

[[انځور:Pharmacologyprism.jpg|thumb|کيڼ|300px|په خپله درملپوهنه کې ګڼ شمېر نور څانګې هم شته چې په دغو کې د نيورودرملپوهنه يا عصبي درملپوهنه، رېنال درملپوهنه يا کبدي درملپوهنه، انساني استقلاب يا مېټابوليزم، د سلولونو د مېنځ مېټابوليزم او د سلولونو د مېنځ نظم شامل دي.]]

 

 

The origins of [[clinical pharmacology]] date back to the [[Middle Ages]] in [[Avicenna]]'s ''[[The Canon of Medicine]]'', [[Peter of Spain]]'s ''Commentary on Isaac'', and John of St Amand's ''Commentary on the Antedotary of Nicholas''.<ref>D. Craig Brater and Walter J. Daly (2000), "Clinical pharmacology in the Middle Ages: Principles that presage the 21st century", ''Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics'' '''67''' (5), p. 447-450 [448-449].</ref> Pharmacology as a scientific discipline did not further advance until the mid-19th century amid the great biomedical resurgence of that period.<ref name=rang2006> H P Rang. (2006) The receptor concept: pharmacology's big idea. ''Br J Pharmacol.'' 147 Suppl: S9–S16.</ref> Before the second half of the nineteenth century, the remarkable potency and specificity of the actions of drugs such as [[morphine]], [[quinine]] and [[digitalis]] were explained vaguely and with reference to extraordinary chemical powers and affinities to certain organs or tissues.<ref name=AHM2002> Andreas-Holger M., Cay-Rüdiger P. and R. F. Halliwell (2002), The emergence of the drug receptor theory. ''Nature Reviews Drug Discovery'' 1, 637-641 </ref> The first pharmacology department was set up by [[Rudolf Buchheim|Buchheim]] in 1847, in recognition of the need to understand how therapeutic drugs and poisons produced their effects.<ref name=rang2006/>