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== تاريخ ==

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[[Stone Age]] rock shelters with paintings at the [[Rock Shelters of Bhimbetka]] in [[Madhya Pradesh]] are the earliest known traces of human life in India. The first known permanent settlements appeared over 9,000 years ago and gradually developed into the [[Indus Valley Civilization]],<ref>{{cite web |title = Introduction to the Ancient Indus Valley |url=http://www.harappa.com/indus/indus1.html

|accessdate = 2007-06-18 |date= 1996 |publisher = Harappa}}</ref> dating back to 3300&nbsp;[[BCE]] in western India. It was followed by the [[Vedic Civilization]], which laid the foundations of [[Hinduism]] and other cultural aspects of early Indian society. From around 550&nbsp;[[BCE]], many independent kingdoms and republics known as the [[Mahajanapadas]] were established across the country.<ref>{{cite book | author= Krishna Reddy | title = Indian History | date= 2003 | publisher = Tata McGraw Hill | location = New Delhi | isbn = 0070483698 | pages = p. A107 }}</ref>